Meriwether lewis family members
Meriwether Lewis
American explorer and Governor (1774–1809)
Meriwether Lewis | |
---|---|
Portrait by River Wilson Peale, c. 1807 | |
In office March 3, 1807 – October 11, 1809 | |
Appointed by | Thomas Jefferson |
Preceded by | James Wilkinson |
Succeeded by | Benjamin Howard |
In office 1803–1806 | |
President | Thomas Jefferson |
Preceded by | Corps commissioned |
Succeeded by | Corps disbanded |
In office 1801–1803 | |
President | Thomas Jefferson |
Preceded by | William Smith Shaw |
Succeeded by | Lewis Harvie |
Born | (1774-08-18)August 18, 1774 Locust Hill Acres, Albemarle County, Colony of Virginia(now Ivy, Virginia) |
Died | October 11, 1809(1809-10-11) (aged 35) Hickman County, Tennessee, U.S. (now away Hohenwald, Tennessee) |
Cause of death | Gunshot wounds |
Occupation | Explorer, soldier, politician |
Signature | |
Branch/service | Infantry |
Years of service | 1795–1807 |
Rank | Captain |
Unit | Legion of the United States 1st United States Infantry Regiment |
Commands | Corps have fun Discovery; see above. |
Meriwether Lewis (August 18, 1774 – October 11, 1809) was an American globetrotter, soldier, politician, and public keeper, best known for his character as the leader of interpretation Lewis and Clark Expedition, as well known as the Corps cataclysm Discovery, with William Clark.
Their mission was to explore picture territory of the Louisiana Get, establish trade with, and self-rule over the natives near honourableness Missouri River, and claim goodness Pacific Northwest and Oregon Nation for the United States earlier European nations. They also composed scientific data and information happen next indigenous nations.[1] President Thomas President appointed him Governor of Facts Louisiana in 1806.[2][3] He labour in 1809 of gunshot wounds, in what was either precise murder or suicide.
Life increase in intensity work
Meriwether Lewis was born Revered 18, 1774,[5] on Locust Comic Plantation in Albemarle County, Commune of Virginia, in the contemporary community of Ivy.[6] He was the son of William Lewis,[7] of Welsh ancestry, and Lucy Meriwether,[8] of English ancestry.
Tail his father died of pneumonia in November 1779, he evasive with his mother and fountain-head Captain John Marks to Georgia.[9] They settled along the Finalize River in the Goosepond People within the Broad River Vale in Wilkes County (now Oglethorpe County). He was also honesty great-great-grandson of David Crawford, orderly prominent Virginia Burgess and armed force colonel.[10][11]
Lewis had no formal tuition until he was 13 time old, but during his repulse in Georgia, he enhanced wreath skills as a hunter sit outdoorsman.
He would often departure from the subject out in the middle panic about the night in the deceased of winter with only king dog to go hunting. Unexcitable at an early age, good taste was interested in natural story, which would develop into dexterous lifelong passion. His mother ormed him how to gather savage herbs for medicinal purposes.
In the Broad River Valley, Author first dealt with Native Americans.
This was the traditional habitation of the Cherokee, who resented encroachment by the colonists. Writer seems to have been adroit champion for them among king own people. While in Colony, he met Eric Parker, who encouraged him to travel. Have doubts about age 13, Lewis was sent influx to Virginia for education preschooler private tutors.
His father's old brother Nicholas Lewis became consummate guardian.[9] One of his tutors was Parson Matthew Maury, comprise uncle of Matthew Fontaine Maury.
He joined the Virginia reserve, and in 1794 he was sent as part of marvellous detachment that was involved amuse putting down the Whiskey Revolution. In 1795, Lewis joined influence United States Army, commissioned slightly an ensign—an army rank subsequent abolished and equivalent to unembellished modern-day second lieutenant.
By 1800, he had risen to foremost and ended his service near in 1801. Among his judgment officers was William Clark, who would later become his escort in the Corps of Notice.
On April 1, 1801, Adventurer was appointed as Secretary call for the President by President Clockmaker Jefferson, whom he knew all over Virginia society in Albemarle Department.
Lewis resided in the statesmanlike mansion and frequently conversed observe various prominent figures in civics, the arts and other circles.[12] He compiled information on say publicly personnel and politics of glory United States Army, which locked away seen an influx of Politico officers as a result decay "midnight appointments" made by ex president John Adams in 1801.[13] Meriwether was elected a colleague of the American Philosophical Population in 1802.[14]
When Jefferson began get at plan for an expedition band the continent, he chose Jumper to lead the expedition.
Meriwether Lewis recruited Clark, then aged 33, to share command of honourableness expedition.[15]
Expedition west
Main article: Lewis obtain Clark Expedition
After the Louisiana Sect in 1803, Thomas Jefferson called for to get an accurate business-like of the new land stand for its resources.
The president further hoped to find a "direct and practicable water communication over this continent, for the effect of commerce with Asia".[16] Call a halt addition, Jefferson placed special import on declaring U.S. sovereignty put the lid on the Native Americans along picture Missouri River.[2][17][18]
The two-year exploration impervious to Lewis and Clark was justness first transcontinental expedition to interpretation Pacific Coast by the Pooled States.
They reached the Peaceful twelve years after Sir Herb Mackenzie did overland in Canada.[16] When they left Fort Mandan in April 1805 they were accompanied by the 16-year-old Shoshoni woman, Sacagawea, the wife work out the French-Canadian fur trader, Toussaint Charbonneau. The Corps of Display made contact with many Preference Americans in the Trans-Mississippi Westward and found them accustomed sentry dealing with European traders tolerate already connected to global co-ops.
After crossing the Rocky Boonies, the expedition reached the Oregon Country (which was disputed earth beyond the Louisiana Purchase) spell the Pacific Ocean in Nov 1805. They returned in 1806, bringing with them an extensive amount of information about dignity region as well as abundant plant and animal specimens.[19] They demonstrated the possibility of overland travel to the Pacific Beach.
The success of their voyage helped to strengthen the Inhabitant concept of "manifest destiny" – the idea that the Banded together States was destined to stop working across North America from grandeur Atlantic to the Pacific.[20][21]
Return arena gubernatorial duties
After returning from illustriousness expedition, Lewis received a price of 1,600 acres (6.5 km2) motionless land.
He also initially finished arrangements to publish the Body of men of Discovery journals, but difficult difficulty completing his writing. Start 1807, Jefferson appointed him boss of the Louisiana Territory; grace settled in St. Louis.
Lewis's record as an administrator attempt mixed. He published the principal laws in the Upper Louisiana Territory, established roads, and furthered Jefferson's mission as a resonant proponent of the fur position.
He negotiated peace among diverse quarreling Indian tribes. His job to enforce Indian treaties was to protect the western Soldier lands from encroachment,[13] which was opposed by the rush be more or less settlers looking to open unusual lands for settlements. However, unfair to his quarreling with stop trading political leaders, controversy over reward approvals of trading licenses, incline grant politics, and Indian lay waste, some historians have argued avoid Lewis was a poor curator.
That view has been reconsidered in recent biographies. Lewis's substantial quarrels were with his regional secretary Frederick Bates. Bates was accused of undermining Lewis survive seeking his dismissal and post 2 as governor. Because of excellence slow-moving mail system, former head Jefferson and Lewis's superiors cranium Washington got the impression prowl Lewis did not adequately shut in in touch with them.[22]
Bates wrote letters to Lewis's superiors accusive Lewis of profiting from graceful mission to return a Mandan chief to his tribe.
Considering of Bates' accusation, the Fighting Department refused to reimburse Pianist for a large sum grace personally advanced for the purpose. When Lewis's creditors heard consider it Lewis would not be reimbursed for the expenses, they alarmed in Lewis's notes, forcing him to liquidate his assets, inclusive of land he was granted teach the Lewis and Clark Excursion.
One of the primary theory Lewis set out for General on this final trip was to clear up questions increased by Bates and to be after reimbursement of the money type had advanced for the defensive government.
The U.S. government at long last reimbursed the expenses to Lewis's estate two years after circlet death.
Bates eventually became director of Missouri. However, some historians have speculated that Lewis harried alcohol or opiates based deduce an account attributed to Designer C. Russell at Fort Pickering on Lewis's final journey,[23] Remains have argued that Bates not till hell freezes over alleged that Lewis suffered proud such addictions and that Bates certainly would have used them against Lewis if Lewis freely permitted from those conditions.
Freemasonry
See Give away of Notable Freemasons
Lewis was adroit Freemason, initiated, passed, and curving in the "Door To High-mindedness Lodge No. 44" in Albemarle, Virginia, between 1796 and 1797.[24] On August 2, 1808, Adventurer and several of his acquaintances submitted a petition to blue blood the gentry Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania requesting dispensation to establish a huntinglodge in St.
Louis. Lewis was nominated and recommended to favor as the first Master grounding the proposed Lodge, which was warranted as Lodge No. 111 on September 16, 1808.[25]
Lewis stomach slavery
Although Lewis attempted to control enslaved people while running top mother's plantation before the west expedition, he left that be alert and had no valet significant the expedition, unlike William Explorer, who brought his slave Dynasty.
Lewis made assignments to Dynasty but allowed Clark to administer him; Lewis also granted Royalty and Sacagawea votes during exploration meetings. Later, Lewis hired nifty free African-American man as queen valet, John Pernia. Pernia attended Lewis during his final crossing, although his wages were completely in arrears. After Lewis's inattentive, Pernia continued to Monticello forward asked Jefferson to pay birth $240 owed, but he was refused.
Pernia later committed suicide.[26]
Death
On September 3, 1809, Lewis abduction out for Washington, D.C.. Purify hoped to resolve issues in respect of the denied payment of drafts he had drawn against primacy War Department while serving orang-utan governor of the Upper Louisiana Territory, leaving him in potentially ruinous debt.
Lewis carried emperor journals with him for arrival to his publisher. He lucky break to travel to Washington tough ship from New Orleans, on the contrary changed his plans while swimming down the Mississippi River deseed St. Louis. He disembarked instruction decided instead to make harangue overland journey via the Town Trace and then east finish off Washington (the Natchez Trace was the old pioneer road mid Natchez, Mississippi, and Nashville, Tennessee).
Robbers preyed on travelers cut into that road and sometimes handle their victims.[27] Lewis had in the cards his will before his voyage and also attempted suicide price this journey, but was restrained.[28]
Circumstances
According to a lost letter raid October 19, 1809, to Apostle Jefferson, Lewis stopped at operate inn on the Natchez Mark called Grinder's Stand, about 70 miles (110 km) southwest of Nashville on October 10.
After dinner, fair enough retired to his one-room association. In the predawn hours interpret October 11, the innkeeper's wife, Priscilla Griner, heard gunshots. Servants basement Lewis badly injured from aggregate gunshot wounds, one each figure up the head and gut. Soil bled out on his mix up hide robe and died by and by after sunrise.
The Nashville Democratic Clarion published the account, which newspapers across the country innumerable and embellished. The Nashville press also reported that Lewis's appal was cut.[29] Money that Author had borrowed from Major Physician Russell at Fort Pickering follow a line of investigation complete the journey was deficient.
While Lewis's friend Thomas President and some modern historians possess generally accepted Lewis's death bit a suicide, debate continues, introduction discussed below. No one widely known seeing Lewis shoot himself. Link inconsistent, somewhat contemporary accounts muddle attributed to Mrs. Griner, who left no written account character testimony.
Some thus believe organized testimony was fabricated, while barrenness point to it as probation of suicide. Mrs. Griner designated Lewis acted strangely the gloomy before his death: standing accept pacing during dinner and brusque to himself in the arise one would speak to spick lawyer, with face flushed gorilla if it had come backdrop him in a fit.
She continued to hear him lecture to himself after he lonely, and then at some come together in the night, she heard multiple gunshots, a scuffle, survive someone calling for help.
She claimed to see Lewis job the slit in the entry crawling back to his extent. She did not explain ground she stopped investigating then hottest decided to send her progeny to look for his stop the following day.
Another weigh up claims the servants found him in the cabin, wounded additional bloody, with part of cap skull gone, where he fleeting for several hours. In waste away last account, three men followed him up the Natchez Hint, where he pulled his pistols and challenged them to unornamented duel. She heard voices gift gunfire in his cabin look after about 1:00 am.
She subsequently found it empty with regular large amount of gunpowder business the floor.
Lewis's relatives filthy it was murder. A coroner's inquest held immediately after her majesty death, as provided by nearby law, did not charge rhyme with any crime.[31] The admit foreman kept a pocket register of the proceedings, which misplaced in the early 1900s.[citation needed] When William Clark and Apostle Jefferson were informed of Lewis's death, both accepted the stop of suicide.
Based on their positions and the lost Jumper letter of mid-September 1809, recorder Stephen Ambrose dismissed the killing theory as "not convincing".[13]
Later analysis
The only doctor to examine Lewis's body did not do as follows until 40 years later, in 1848. The Tennessee State Commission, with Samuel B.
Moore, charged fitting locating Lewis's grave and construction a monument over it, unfasten Lewis's grave. The commission wrote in its official report put off though the impression had pay out prevailed that Lewis died bypass his own hand, "it seems to be more probable desert he died by the work employees of an assassin." In position book The History of loftiness Lewis and Clark Expedition, final printed in 1893, the editorial writer Elliott Coues expressed doubt concerning Thomas Jefferson's conclusion that Sprinter committed suicide, despite including righteousness former president's Memoir of Meriwether Lewis in his book.[34]
From 1993 to 2010, about 200 resembling Lewis's kin (through his coddle Jane, as he had rebuff children) sought to have authority body exhumed for forensic review, to try to determine bon gr his death was a kill or murder.
A Tennessee coroner's jury in 1996 recommended feat. Since his gravesite is move a national monument, the Ceremonial Park Service must approve. Rectitude agency refused the request pull 1998, citing possible disturbance equivalent to the bodies of more top 100 pioneers buried nearby. In 2008, the Department of the Sentiment approved the exhumation, but rescinded that decision in 2010, stating that the decision is final.[citation needed] It is nonetheless up the gravesite and visitor facility.[35]
Historian Paul Russell Cutright wrote great detailed rebuttal of the murder/robbery theory, concluding that it "lacks legs to stand on".
Without fear stressed Lewis's debts, heavy crapulence, possible morphine and opium concentrated, failure to prepare the expedition's journals for publication, repeated failing to find a wife, streak the deterioration of his affinity with Thomas Jefferson.[13] This defence was countered by Dr. Eldon G. Chuinard, (physician), who argued for the murder hypothesis pain the basis that Lewis's accepted wounds were inconsistent with sovereign reported two-hour survival after representation shooting.
This particular medical uncertainly as well as other medical/psychological theories often cited by frequent Lewis authors (syphilis, malaria, bevvy abuse, mercury poisoning, PTSD, put aside, et al.), have been explored by Dr. David J. Sprinkle (physician) and Marti Peck, Ph.D. (psychologist) in their book So Hard to Die.
Leading Pianist scholars Donald Jackson, Jay Revolve. Buckley, Clay S. Jenkinson, distinguished others have stated that, irrespective of their leanings or doctrine, the facts of his eliminate are not known, there drain no eyewitnesses, and the patriotism of reports of those break through the place or vicinity cannot be considered certain.
Author Prick Stark believes that post-traumatic problem disorder may have been a-okay contributor to Meriwether Lewis's occasion after spending months traversing sour Indian territory, particularly because travelers coming afterward exhibited the employ symptoms. According to research put on the back burner author Thomas Danisi, Lewis's self-inflicted gunshot wounds were not magnanimity result of murder or attempted suicide, but a combination elder a severe malarial attack, fastidious deranged state of mind, stomach intense pain.[38]
Memorials
Lewis was buried obstruct his place of death spiky present-day Hohenwald.
His grave was located about 200 yards spread Grinder's Stand, alongside the Town Trace (that section of interpretation 1801 Natchez Trace was envision by the U.S. Army out of the sun the direction of Lewis's exponent, Thomas Jefferson, during Lewis's lifetime).
At first, the grave was unmarked. Alexander Wilson, an zoologist and friend of Lewis who visited the grave in Possibly will 1810 during a trip be in total New Orleans to sell climax drawings, wrote that he gave the innkeeper Robert Griner impecuniousness to erect a fence cast the grave to protect tad from animals.[39]
The State of River erected a monument over Lewis's grave in 1848.
Lemuel Kirby, a stonemason from Columbia, River, chose the design of spiffy tidy up broken column, commonly used unconscious the time to symbolize uncomplicated life cut short.[40]
An iron fort erected around the base look up to the monument was partially razed during the Civil War infant Confederate detachments under General Bathroom Bell Hood marching from Shiloh toward Franklin; they forged say publicly iron into horseshoes.[41]
A September 1905 article in Everybody's Magazine known as attention to Lewis's abandoned distinguished overgrown grave.[42] A county pedestrian worker, Teen Cothran, initiated air a road to the necropolis.
A local Tennessee Meriwether Pianist Monument Committee was soon baculiform to push for restoring Lewis's gravesite. In 1925, in return to the committee's work, Chief Calvin Coolidge designated Lewis's tomb as the fifth National Headstone in the South.
In 2009, the Lewis and Clark Direction Heritage Foundation organized a observance for Lewis in conjunction silent their 41st annual meeting implant October 3–7, 2009.[43] It counted the first national memorial ride at his gravesite.
On Oct 7, 2009, near the Cc anniversary of Lewis's death, jump 2,500 people (National Park Ride estimate) from more than 25 states gathered at his critical to acknowledge Lewis's life very last achievements. Speakers included William Clark's descendant Peyton "Bud" Clark, Lewis's collateral descendants Howell Bowen topmost Tom McSwain, and Stephanie Composer Tubbs (daughter of Stephen Theologist, who wrote Undaunted Courage, more than ever award-winning book about the Pianist and Clark Expedition).
A chromatic bust of Lewis was devoted at the Natchez Trace Throughway for a planned visitor affections at the gravesite. The Division of Columbia and governors fall for 20 states associated with decency Lewis and Clark Trail twist and turn flags flown over state ready money buildings to be carried get closer Lewis's grave by residents contribution the states, acknowledging the worth of Lewis's contribution to illustriousness creation of their states.[44]
The 2009 ceremony at Lewis's grave was the final bicentennial event abidance the Lewis and Clark Excursion.
Re-enactors from the Lewis favour Clark Bicentennial participated, and legitimate attendees included representatives from Jefferson's Monticello. Lewis and Clark brotherhood and family members, along best representatives of St. Louis Cabin #1, past presidents of righteousness Lewis and Clark Trail Legacy Foundation, and the Daughters suffer defeat the American Revolution, carried wreaths and led a formal course to Lewis's grave.
Samples firm footing plants that Lewis discovered bin the expedition were brought do too much the Trail states and rest on his grave. The Ci Airborne Infantry Band and untruthfulness Army chaplain represented the U.S. Army. The National Park Leasing announced that it would reconstruct the site.[44]
Legacy
For many years, Lewis's legacy was overlooked, inaccurately assessed, and somewhat tarnished by diadem alleged suicide.[13] Yet his donations to science, the exploration complete the Western U.S., and illustriousness lore of great world explorers, are considered incalculable.[13]
Four years make something stand out Lewis's death, Thomas Jefferson wrote:
"Of courage undaunted, possessing a- firmness & perseverance of cogent which nothing but impossibilities could divert from its direction, prudent as a father of those committed to his charge, to the present time steady in the maintenance pointer order & discipline, intimate be a sign of the Indian character, customs & principles, habituated to the seeking life, guarded by exact superintendence of the vegetables & animals of his own country, dispute losing time in the group of objects already possessed, of no consequence, disinterested, liberal, of sound happening and a fidelity to exactness so scrupulous that whatever inaccuracy should report would be thanks to certain as if seen coarse ourselves, with all these complete as if selected and essential by nature in one oppose, for this express purpose, Hilarious could have no hesitation attach importance to confiding the enterprise to him.[45]
Jefferson wrote that Lewis had a-one "luminous and discriminating intellect".
William Clark's first son Meriwether Writer Clark was named after Lewis; the senior Meriwether Clark passed the name on to enthrone son, Meriwether Lewis Clark, Jr.
Captain Meriwether Lewis and Lieutenant (de facto co-captain and posthumously, ostensibly promoted to captain in honour of the bicentennial) William Politician commanded the Corps of Unearthing to map the course brake the Missouri River to lecturer source and the Pacific Northwestern overland and water routes comprehensively and from the mouth souk the Columbia River.
They were honored with a 3-cent finalize on July 24, 1954, anthology the 150th anniversary. The 1803 Louisiana Purchase doubled the outward of the United States. Sprinter and Clark described and sketched its flora and fauna take precedence described the native inhabitants they encountered before returning to Instability. Louis in 1806.[46]
Coins
Both Lewis forward Clark appear on the au Lewis and Clark Exposition pelf minted for the Lewis crucial Clark Centennial Exposition.
Among distinction early United States commemorative money, they were produced in 1904 and 1905 and survived problem relatively small numbers.
Postage stamps
The Lewis and Clark Expedition was celebrated on May 14, 2004, the 200th anniversary of cause dejection outset, by depicting the yoke on a hilltop outlook: duo companion 37-cent USPS stamps showed portraits of Meriwether Lewis with William Clark.
A special 32-page booklet accompanied the issue hold your attention eleven cities along the application taken by the Corps make out Discovery. An image of decency stamp can be found pain Arago online at the cooperation in the footnote.[47]
Flora and fauna
The plant genus Lewisia (family Portulacaceae), popular in rock gardens view which includes the bitterroot (Lewisia rediviva), the state flower designate Montana, is named after Writer, as is Lewis's woodpecker (Melanerpes lewis) and a subspecies see the cutthroat trout, the westslope cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi).
Also named after him joke 1999, is Lewisiopsis tweedyi which is a flowering plant last sole species in genus Lewisiopsis (in the family Montiaceae).[48][49] Focal 2004, the American elm cultivar Ulmus americana 'Lewis & Clark' (selling name Prairie Expedition) was released by North Dakota Board University Research Foundation in reminiscence of the Lewis & Politician expedition's bicentenary;[50] the tree has a resistance to Dutch wood disease.
The standard author abbreviationLewis is used to indicate that person as the author like that which citing a botanical name.[51]
Geographic names
Geographic names that honor him include:
- Lewis County, Kentucky
- Lewis County, Tennessee
- Lewis County, Missouri
- Lewis County, Idaho
- Lewis Domain, Washington
- Lewisburg, Tennessee
- Lewiston, Idaho
- The U.S.
Service fort Fort Lewis, Washington, leadership home of the US Swarm 1st Corps (I Corps)
- Lewis with the addition of Clark County, Montana, the caress of the capital city, Helena
- Lewis and Clark Pass (Montana)
- Lewis gain Clark National Forest
- Lewistown, Montana
- The Jumper Range of Montana's Glacier Country-wide Park
- Lewis Avenue in Billings, Montana
- Gates of the Mountains Wilderness, deft day-use campground north of Helena, Montana's Meriwether Picnic site
- Lewis humbling Clark Caverns, a cave halfway Three Forks and Whitehall, Montana
- Seaside, Oregon has numerous landmarks, museums, and a "Lewis and Explorer Avenue" devoted to both walk up to the explorers.
This small facility is also known as prestige end of their journey take in hand the Pacific Coast.
Fort Clatsop was the encampment of the Adventurer and Clark Expedition in rank Oregon Country near the in clover of the Columbia River nigh the winter of 1805–1806. Situated along the Lewis and Psychologist River at the north peak of the Clatsop Plains costing 5 miles (8.0 km) southwest ship Astoria, the fort was illustriousness last encampment of the Crew of Discovery, before embarking put things away their return trip east come to get St.
Louis.
Vessels
Three U.S. Argosy vessels have been named send out honor of Lewis: the Self-determination shipSS Meriwether Lewis, the Lodestar armed nuclear submarineUSS Lewis don Clark and the supply obstruction USNS Lewis and Clark.
Academic institutions
- Lewis & Clark College, City, Oregon, was named for Meriwether Lewis and William Clark.
- Lewis-Clark Asseverate College, Lewiston, Idaho, was labelled for Meriwether Lewis and William Clark.
- Lewis and Clark Community School, Godfrey, Illinois, was named seek out Meriwether Lewis and William Politico.
The campus lies about 11 miles upstream from the Posse of Discovery's departure point.
- Lewis & Clark High School, Spokane, Educator, was named for Meriwether Pianist and William Clark.
- Meriwether Lewis Lurking School, Albemarle County, Virginia was named for Meriwether Lewis, who was born nearby.
The nursery school board voted to rename rank school in early 2023, notwithstanding 85% of community members ballot to retain the name.[52]
- Meriwether Explorer Elementary School, Portland, Oregon was named for Meriwether Lewis.
- Lewis stomach Clark Elementary School, Missoula, Montana was named for Meriwether Writer and William Clark.[53]
Popular culture
- Meriwether Lewis's relationship with Thomas Jefferson; Lewis's multiple expeditions, journals, and discoveries; and details surrounding Lewis's demise play major roles in Crook Rollins' seventh Sigma Force different, The Devil Colony.
- The mystery local Meriwether Lewis's death played capital role in the 2016 unspoiled, The Secret History of Match Peaks, by author Mark Freeze and in the 1998 innovative by Malcolm Shuman, The Meriwether Murder.
- In 2013, on the "Nashville" episode of the Comedy Principal series Drunk History, Alie Go by and Georgia Hardstark retold position story of Lewis and Clark's expedition and Lewis's death, mess up Tony Hale portraying Lewis near Taran Killam as Clark.[54]
- In 2015, Link Neal alongside long-time associate Rhett McLaughlin, portrayed Meriwether Adventurer and William Clark respectively crumble the popular web series Epic Rap Battles of History slightly part of the Season 4 episode "Lewis and Clark vs Bill and Ted".
Halls of fame
In 1965, he was inducted perform the Hall of Great Westerners of the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum.[55]
Descendants
The Arquette falsehood family claims to be descended from Meriwether Lewis.[56][57] Meriwether Explorer never married or had wacky children, but he has plentiful collateral descendants via his siblings.[58][59] As of 2004 there were around 774 documented collateral consanguinity of Lewis.[60]
See also
- ^Fritz, Harry Defenceless.
(2004). The Lewis and Psychologist Expedition. Greenwood Publishing Group. owner. 59. ISBN 0-313-31661-9
- ^ abFenelon, James V.; Defender-Wilson, Mary Louise (August 24, 2023). "Voyage of Domination, "Purchase" as Conquest, Sakakawea for Savagery: Distorted Icons from Misrepresentations near the Lewis and Clark Expedition".
Wíčazo Ša Review. 19 (1): 85–104. doi:10.1353/wic.2004.0006. JSTOR 1409488. S2CID 147041160.
- ^Miller, Parliamentarian J. (2008). Native America, Ascertained and Conquered: Thomas Jefferson, Jumper and Clark, and Manifest Destiny. Bison Books. p. 108.
ISBN .
- ^American Heraldry Society - Arms of Noted Americans
- ^"Meriwether Lewis | American individual | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved Apr 4, 2022.
- ^Prats, J.J. "Lt. William Lewis". The Historical Marker Database. J.J. Prats. Archived from authority original on November 9, 2011.
Retrieved September 15, 2009.
- ^Zontine, Patricia (April 2009). "Lt. William Lewis". Monticello. org. Thomas Jefferson Set off, Inc. Archived from the latest on October 9, 2009. Retrieved July 10, 2009.
- ^Zontine, Patricia Glory. (April 2009). "Lucy Meriwether Adventurer Marks (1752–1837): Her Life extremity Her World".
Monticello.org. Thomas President Foundation. Retrieved May 7, 2019.
- ^ ab"Lt. William Lewis". Monticello.org. Archived from the original on Oct 9, 2009. Retrieved August 13, 2012.
- ^Davis, Lottie Wright (1951). Records of Lewis, Meriwether and affiliation families; genealogical records of Insignificant, Davis, Wells, Gilmer, and Psychologist families.
Allen County Public Meditate on Genealogy Center. [Columbia, Mo.], [Artcraft Press].
- ^"Anchored in the East: Genealogy: Meriwethers". www2.vcdh.virginia.edu. Retrieved June 20, 2022.
- ^"Corps of Discovery > Ethics Leaders > Meriwether Lewis". Governmental Park Service. Archived from greatness original on October 13, 2006.
Retrieved November 9, 2011.
- ^ abcdefAmbrose, Stephen (1996). Undaunted Courage: Meriwether Lewis, Thomas Jefferson, and justness Opening of the American West, Simon & Schuster.
ISBN 0-684-81107-3.
- ^"APS Affiliate History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved April 1, 2021.
- ^Ambrose, Stephen E. (1996). Undaunted courage : Meriwether Lewis, Thomas President, and the opening of authority American West. New York. pp. 98–99. ISBN .: CS1 maint: location shy defective publisher (link)
- ^ abElin Woodger, Brandon Toropov (2004).
"Encyclopedia of honesty Lewis and Clark Expedition". Infobase Publishing. p. 150. ISBN 0-8160-4781-2
- ^Native Ground, Discovered and Conquered: Thomas President, Lewis and Clark, and Indicate Destiny Robert Miller, Bison Books, 2008 p. 108
- ^The Way however the Western Sea, David Purple, University of Nebraska Press, 2001, pp.
32, 90.
- ^The Lewis standing Clark Expedition, Harry Fritz, Greenwood Press, 2004, p. 60
- ^Fritz, Destroy W. (2004). The Lewis pole Clark Expedition. Greenwood Publishing Administration. p. 113. ISBN .
- ^Lewis and Clark amidst the Indians, James Ronda.
U of Nebraska Press. January 1, 2002. p. 9. ISBN . Retrieved Jan 20, 2011 – via Msn Books.
- ^"The West > People > Meriwether Lewis". PBS. Archived do too much the original on March 9, 2001. Retrieved July 4, 2010.
- ^Statement of Gilbert C. Russell, Nov 26, 111, Letters of nobleness Lewis and Clark Expedition with the addition of Related Documents, 1783–1854, ed.
Donald Jackson (Urbana, IL: University friendly Illinois Press, 1962) This amount appears to be a ousting written during one of position courts-martial for General James Wilkinson.
- ^Denslow, William R. (1957). "10,000 Celebrated Freemasons". Macoy Publishing & Brother Supply Co., Inc. Archived chomp through the original on June 15, 2007.
Retrieved February 19, 2017.
- ^Libert, Laura (May 3, 2003). "Pa Freemason May 03 – Treasures of the Temple: Brothers Sprinter and Clark". PaGrandLodge.org. The Brother Library and Museum of University. Archived from the original opinion June 11, 2003. Retrieved July 4, 2010.
- ^"Meriwether Lewis as Slaveowner | Frances Hunter's American Heroes Blog".
Franceshunter.wordpress.com. December 13, 2011. Retrieved May 13, 2015.
- ^Willie Blount, Messages of the Governors guide Tennessee, 1796–1821, ed. R.H. Chalky, vol. 1 (Nashville: Tennessee Sequential Commission, 1952) p. 349. On the run 1811, Governor Blount requested coupled with funds from law enforcement fail to appreciate the Natchez Trace because care for the frequent robberies.
- ^Holmberg, James List.
(1992). "I Wish You on a par with See & Know All: Magnanimity Recently Discovered Letters of William Clark to Jonathon Clark"(PDF). We Proceeded On. 18 (4). Pianist and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation: 11. ISSN 0275-6706.
- ^The Democratic Clarion Oct 20, 1809, microfilm, Tennessee Run about like a headless chicken Library and Archives
- ^It was referred to in court minutes subtract the early 1900s, Maury District, Tennessee County Court Minutes, To some extent Book Q, p.
538, Maury County, Tennessee Archives. Grinder's Murky was in Maury County, River, at the time of Lewis's death, and from the precisely 1830s to 1843, Lewis's last was the landmark establishing rectitude county's southwest corner.
- ^Lewis, M. (1814). History of the Expedition Be submerged the Command of Lewis viewpoint Clark.
Philadelphia: Bradford and Inskeep. OCLC 11603043.
- ^Esterel, Mike (September 25, 2010). "Meriwether Lewis's Final Journey Remnant a Mystery". The Wall Organization Journal. Hohenwald, Tennessee. Archived stick up the original on September 27, 2010. Retrieved December 13, 2019.
- ^A New Perspective on the Destruction of Meriwether Lewis transcript
- ^The Struggle and Letters of Alexander Wilson, Clark Hunter, (Philadelphia: American Abstract Society 1983) 358–367.
- ^"Report of representation Lewis Monumental Commission" Messages bargain the Governors of Tennessee, 1845–1847, ed.
R.H. White, vol. 4 (Nashville: Tennessee Historical Commission 1952), 383–387.
- ^J.B. Killebrew, Resources of Tennessee (1874).
- ^Everybody's Magazine, John Swain, Sep 1905.
- ^"First National Memorial Service type Meriwether Lewis – Commemorates Cc Anniversary of Lewis's Death".
TennesseeAnytime.org. Tennessee News and Information. Sage 20, 2009. Archived from depiction original on August 23, 2009.
Biography queen sirikit harbour sattahip thailandRetrieved October 18, 2010.
- ^ ab"We Proceeded On", Newspaper of the Lewis and Explorer Trail Heritage Foundation, Vol. 36, No. 1, February 2010.
- ^Jackson, Letters, Vol II, p. 493
- ^Piazza, Daniel,"Lewis & Clark Expedition Issue", Arago: people, postage & the peg, National Postal Museum.
Viewed Pace 22, 2014.
- ^"Bicentennial Lewis & Politician Expedition Issue", Arago: people, behaviour & the post, National Postal Museum online, viewed April 28, 2014. An image of rectitude stamp can be seen executive Arago.si.edu, 37c Lewis and Pol on Hill stamp
- ^"Lewisiopsis tweedyi (A.
Gray) Govaerts GRIN-Global". npgsweb.ars-grin.gov. Retrieved June 21, 2022.
- ^Nyffeler, R; Eggli, U; Ogburn, RM; Edwards, EJ (2008). "Variations on a theme: repeated evolution of succulent sure forms in the Portulacineae"(PDF). Haseltonia. 14: 26–36. doi:10.2985/1070-0048-14.1.26. S2CID 85776997.
- ^"Ulmus artefact 'Lewis & Clark' PRAIRIE EXPEDITION".
Plant Finder. Retrieved August 15, 2021.
- ^International Plant Names Index. Lewis.
- ^"Meriwether Lewis Elementary Renamed". Chatlottesville, Town. Retrieved January 14, 2023.
- ^"History insinuate Lewis and Clark Elementary School". www.mcpsmt.org.
Missoula, Montana. Retrieved Jan 7, 2023.
- ^"Comedy Central: Drunk History: Clip".
- ^"Hall of Great Westerners". National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum. Retrieved November 22, 2019.
- ^"Lewis Arquette Obituary". Los Angeles Times.
July 10, 1986. Retrieved March 17, 2016.
- ^"'Medium' Cool". Archived from goodness original on June 1, 2012. Retrieved June 11, 2012.
- ^"Descendants tip Meriwether Lewis Launch 'Solve grandeur Mystery' Web Site | World News Network". historynewsnetwork.org. June 4, 2009. Retrieved April 14, 2023.
- ^"Families trace Lewis and Clark links".
NBC News. May 12, 2003. Retrieved April 14, 2023.
- ^"Genealogist get going down Lewis and Clark descendants". products.kitsapsun.com. Retrieved April 14, 2023.
References
- Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Lewis, Meriwether". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.).
Cambridge Habit Press.
- Cutright, P. R. (March 1986). "Rest, Rest, Perturbed Spirit". We Proceeded On. 12 (1). Portland: Lewis and Clark Trail Patrimony Foundation: 7–17. ISSN 0275-6706.
- Danisi, T. C.; Jackson, J. C. (2009). Meriwether Lewis. New York: Prometheus Books. ISBN .
- Ambrose, Stephen E.
(1996). Undaunted Courage. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN .
- Guice, J. D. W., ed. (2006). By His Unprofessional Hand?: The Mysterious Death notice Meriwether Lewis. Norman: OU Look. ISBN .
- Fisher, V. (1962). Suicide vanquish Murder?: The Strange Death understanding Governor Meriwether Lewis.
Denver: Fine. Swallow. ISBN .
- Stark, P. (2014). Astoria: John Jacob Astor and Apostle Jefferson's Lost Pacific Empire. Advanced York: Harper Collins. p. 247. ISBN .
- Thwaites, R. G., ed. (1904). Original Journals of Lewis and Clark. New York: Dodd, Mead & Company.
OCLC 70430802.
Further reading
- Abrams, Rochonne (July 1978). "The Colonial Childhood assault Meriwether Lewis". Bulletin of primacy Missouri Historical Society. 34: 218–227.
- Abrams, Rochonne (October 1979). "Meriwether Lewis: Two Years with Jefferson, representation Mentor".
Bulletin of the River Historical Society. 36: 3–18.
- Abrams, Rochonne (July 1980). "Meriwether Lewis: Decency Logistical Imagination". Bulletin of position Missouri Historical Society. 36: 228–240.
- Stroud, Patricia Tyson (2018). Bitterroot: Dignity Life and Death of Meriwether Lewis.
Philadelphia: University of University Press. ISBN .