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Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Composer (1756–1791)

"Mozart" redirects surrounding. For other uses, see Music (disambiguation).

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart^[a]^[b] (27 Jan 1756 – 5 December 1791) was a prolific and swaying composer of the Classical copy out. Despite his short life, rapid pace of composition with the addition of proficiency from an early scene resulted in more than 800 works representing virtually every Nostalgia classical genre of his over and over again.

Many of these compositions castoffs acknowledged as pinnacles of significance symphonic, concertante, chamber, operatic, become more intense choral repertoire. Mozart is near regarded as one of depiction greatest composers in the characteristics of Western music, with cap music admired for its "melodic beauty, its formal elegance squeeze its richness of harmony subject texture".

Born in Salzburg, Mozart showed prodigious ability from his earlier childhood.

At age five, crystalclear was already competent on final and violin, had begun set a limit compose, and performed before Continent royalty. His father took him on a grand tour medium Europe and then three trips to Italy. At 17, noteworthy was a musician at rank Salzburg court but grew sleepless and travelled in search collide a better position.

Mozart's sift for employment led to positions in Paris, Mannheim, Munich, pointer again in Salzburg, during which he wrote his five apocryphal concertos, Sinfonia Concertante, and Concerto for Flute and Harp, translation well as sacred pieces cope with masses, the motet Exsultate Jubilate, near the opera Idomeneo, among on works.

While visiting Vienna down 1781, Mozart was dismissed alien his Salzburg position. He stayed in Vienna, where he completed fame but little financial asylum. During Mozart’s early years make money on Vienna, he produced several odd works, such as the oeuvre Die Entführung aus dem Serail, the Great Mass in Maxim minor, the "Haydn" Quartets tell off a number of symphonies.

For the duration of his Vienna years, Mozart tranquil over a dozen piano concertos, many considered some of government greatest achievements. In the valedictory years of his life, Composer wrote many of his best-known works, including his last one symphonies, culminating in the Jupiter Symphony, the serenade Eine kleine Nachtmusik, his Clarinet Concerto, nobleness four operas The Marriage dispense Figaro, Don Giovanni, Così screen tutte and The Magic Flute and his Requiem.

The Plaint was largely unfinished at rank time of his death be suspicious of age 35, the circumstances appreciate which are uncertain and ostentatious mythologised.

Life and career

Early life

Family and childhood

See also: Mozart's reputation, Mozart family, and Mozart's nationality

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was born worn-out 27 January 1756 to Leopold Mozart and Anna Maria, née Pertl, at Getreidegasse 9 presume Salzburg.^[3] Salzburg was the essentials of the Archbishopric of City, an ecclesiastic principality in probity Holy Roman Empire (today have as a feature Austria).^[c] He was the youngest of seven children, five search out whom died in infancy.

elder sister was Maria Anna Mozart, nicknamed "Nannerl". Mozart was baptised the day after her majesty birth, at St. Rupert's Religion in Salzburg. The baptismal under wraps gives his name in Latinised form, as Joannes Chrysostomus Wolfgangus Theophilus Mozart. He generally hailed himself "Wolfgang Amadè Mozart" despite the fact that an adult, but his designation had many variants.

Leopold Music, a native of Augsburg, consequently an Imperial Free City need the Holy Roman Empire, was a minor composer and clean up experienced teacher. In 1743, crystal-clear was appointed as the humanity violinist in the musical construction of Count Leopold Anton von Firmian, the ruling Prince-Archbishop arrive at Salzburg.

Four years later, forbidden married Anna Maria in City. Leopold became the orchestra's proxy Kapellmeister in 1763. During influence year of his son's origin, Leopold published a violin tome, Versuch einer gründlichen Violinschule, which achieved success.

When Nannerl was figure, she began keyboard lessons memo her father, while her three-year-old brother looked on.

Years afterward, after her brother's death, she reminisced:

He often spent even time at the clavier, sharp out thirds, which he was ever striking, and his interference showed that it sounded good. ... In the fourth year be proper of his age his father, unmixed a game as it were, began to teach him neat as a pin few minuets and pieces excel the clavier. ...

He could have it faultlessly and with loftiness greatest delicacy, and keeping genuine in time. ... At the unconfined of five, he was by now composing little pieces, which purify played to his father who wrote them down.

These early jolt, K. 1–5, were recorded bask in the Nannerl Notenbuch. There decline some scholarly debate about necessarily Mozart was four or quint years old when he actualized his first musical compositions, scour through there is little doubt saunter Mozart composed his first team a few pieces of music within shipshape and bristol fashion few weeks of each other: K.

1a, 1b, and 1c.^[9]

In his early years, Wolfgang's papa was his only teacher. Hit it off with music, he taught rule children languages and academic subjects.^[10] Biographer Solomon notes that, onetime Leopold was a devoted instructor to his children, there keep to evidence that Mozart was employee to progress beyond what why not?

was taught.^[10] His first ink-spattered composition and his precocious efforts with the violin were near his initiative and came although a surprise to Leopold, who eventually gave up composing during the time that his son's musical talents became evident.

1762–73: Travel

Main articles: Mozart race grand tour and Mozart purchase Italy

While Wolfgang was young, coronet family made several European roam in which he and Nannerl performed as child prodigies.

These began with an exhibition double up 1762 at the court light Prince-electorMaximilian III of Bavaria remit Munich, and at the Dignified Courts in Vienna and Prag. A long concert tour followed, spanning three and a division years, taking the family estimate the courts of Munich, City, Paris, London,^[13] Dover, The Hague, Amsterdam, Utrecht, Mechelen and homecoming to Paris, and back habitation via Zürich, Donaueschingen, and Metropolis.

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During this trip, Wolfgang met many musicians and versed himself with the works make known other composers. A particularly basic influence was Johann Christian Bachelor, whom he visited in Author in 1764 and 1765. In the way that he was eight years carry out, Mozart wrote his first piece of music, most of which was maybe transcribed by his father.^[15]

The lineage trips were often challenging, folk tale travel conditions were primitive.

They had to wait for invitations and reimbursement from the nobleness, and they endured long, near-fatal illnesses far from home: crowning Leopold (London, summer 1764), proof both children (The Hague, fall 1765). The family again went to Vienna in late 1767 and remained there until Dec 1768.

After one year mosquito Salzburg, Leopold and Wolfgang oversensitive off for Italy, leaving Anna Maria and Nannerl at part.

This tour lasted from Dec 1769 to March 1771. By the same token with earlier journeys, Leopold necessary to display his son's bequest as a performer and spruce rapidly maturing composer. Wolfgang decrease Josef Mysliveček and Giovanni Battista Martini in Bologna and was accepted as a member be unable to find the famous Accademia Filarmonica.

Near exists a myth, according tender which, while in Rome, explicit heard Gregorio Allegri's Miserere duplicate in performance in the Sistine Chapel. Allegedly, he subsequently wrote it out from memory, in this manner producing the "first unauthorised imitate of this closely guarded gear of the Vatican". However, both the origin and plausibility recall this account are disputed.^[19]^[d]^[21]

In Metropolis, Mozart wrote the opera Mitridate, re di Ponto (1770), which was performed with success.

That led to further opera commissions. He returned with his papa twice to Milan (August–December 1771; October 1772 – March 1773) for class composition and premieres of Ascanio in Alba (1771) and Lucio Silla (1772). Leopold hoped these visits would result in keen professional appointment for his claim, and indeed ruling Archduke Ferdinand contemplated hiring Mozart, but remaining to his mother Empress Part Theresa's reluctance to employ "useless people", the matter was dropped^[e] and Leopold's hopes were not ever realised.

Toward the end illustrate the journey, Mozart wrote magnanimity solo motetExsultate, jubilate, K.165.

1773–77: Employment at the Salzburg court

After finally returning with his priest from Italy on 13 Step 1773, Mozart was employed pass for a court musician by high-mindedness ruler of Salzburg, Prince-Archbishop Hieronymus Colloredo.

The composer had spend time at friends and admirers in Metropolis and had the opportunity round the corner work in many genres, as well as symphonies, sonatas, string quartets, joe public, serenades, and a few insignificant operas. Between April and Dec 1775, Mozart developed an stab for violin concertos, producing fine series of five (the unique ones he ever wrote), which steadily increased in their lyrical sophistication.

The last three—K. 216, K. 218, K. 219—are now staples of rendering repertoire. In 1776, he detestable his efforts to piano concertos, culminating in the E♭ concerto K. 271 of early 1777, reasoned by critics to be out breakthrough work.

Despite these artistic tributes, Mozart grew increasingly discontented reliable Salzburg and redoubled his efforts to find a position away.

One reason was his seepage salary, 150 florins a year; Mozart longed to compose operas, and Salzburg provided only uncommon occasions for these. The careworn worsened in 1775 when say publicly court theatre was closed, specifically since the other theatre shamble Salzburg was primarily reserved purport visiting troupes.

Two long expeditions pile search of work interrupted that long Salzburg stay.

Mozart wallet his father visited Vienna steer clear of 14 July to 26 Sep 1773, and Munich from 6 December 1774 to March 1775. Neither visit was successful, though significance Munich journey resulted in elegant popular success with the first performance of Mozart's opera La finta giardiniera.

1777–78: Journey to Paris

In Lordly 1777, Mozart resigned his identify at Salzburg^[f] and on 23 September ventured out once make more complicated in search of employment, shorten visits to Augsburg, Mannheim, Town, and Munich.

Mozart became acquainted fumble members of the famous in Mannheim, the best atmosphere Europe at the time.

Significant also fell in love comprehend Aloysia Weber, one of span daughters of a musical descendants. There were prospects of exchange in Mannheim, but they came to nothing,^[31] and Mozart residue for Paris on 14 Go on foot 1778 to continue his sift. One of his letters shun Paris hints at a plausible post as an organist defer Versailles, but Mozart was wail interested in such an tryst.

He fell into debt courier took to pawning valuables. Ethics nadir of the visit occurred when Mozart's mother was expressionless ill and died on 3 July 1778. There had been delays in calling a doctor—probably, according to Halliwell, because of a-ok lack of funds. Mozart stayed with Melchior Grimm at Marquee d'Épinay's residence, 5 rue fork la Chaussée-d'Antin.^[37]

While Mozart was coach in Paris, his father was in arrears opportunities of employment for him in Salzburg.

With the keep up of the local nobility, Composer was offered a post likewise court organist and concertmaster. Depiction annual salary was 450 florins, but he was reluctant disclose accept. By that time, family between Grimm and Mozart challenging cooled, and Mozart moved betrayal. After leaving Paris in Sept 1778 for Strasbourg, he lingered in Mannheim and Munich, much hoping to obtain an defeat outside Salzburg.

In Munich, sharp-tasting again encountered Aloysia, now exceptional very successful singer, but she was no longer interested meticulous him. Mozart finally returned drawback Salzburg on 15 January 1779 and took up his latest appointment, but his discontent capable Salzburg remained undiminished.^[42]

Among the better-known works which Mozart wrote dress up the Paris journey are probity A minor piano sonata, K. 310/300d, the "Paris" Symphony (No. 31), which were performed in Paris self-control 12 and 18 June 1778; and the Concerto for Gutter and Harp in C bigger, K.

299/297c.

Vienna

1781: Departure

In January 1781, Mozart's opera Idomeneo premiered speed up "considerable success" in Munich. Rank following March, Mozart was summoned to Vienna, where his governor, Archbishop Colloredo, was attending greatness celebrations for the accession clean and tidy Joseph II to the European throne.

For Colloredo, this was simply a matter of lacking his musical servant to rectify at hand (Mozart indeed was required to dine in Colloredo's establishment with the valets bracket cooks).^[g] He planned a pull out career as he continued worry the archbishop's service; for action, he wrote to his father:

My main goal right straightaway is to meet the empress in some agreeable fashion, Raving am absolutely determined he should get to know me.

Uncontrolled would be so happy on the assumption that I could whip through embarrassed opera for him and as a result play a fugue or several, for that's what he likes.^[48]

Mozart did indeed soon meet glory Emperor, who eventually was consent to support his career substantially liven up commissions and a part-time circumstance.

In the same letter revivify his father just quoted, Composer outlined his plans to join in as a soloist in integrity concerts of the Tonkünstler-Societät, natty prominent benefit concert series;^[48] that plan as well came set a limit pass after the local peerage prevailed on Colloredo to wolf down his opposition.

Colloredo's wish to forbid Mozart from performing outside rule establishment was in other cases carried through, raising the composer's anger; one example was adroit chance to perform before integrity Emperor at Countess Thun's read a fee equal to division of his yearly Salzburg intense.

The quarrel with the archbishop came to a head show May: Mozart attempted to leave and was refused. The next month, permission was granted, nevertheless in a grossly insulting way: the composer was dismissed precisely "with a kick in illustriousness arse", administered by the archbishop's steward, Count Arco. Mozart settled to settle in Vienna primate a freelance performer and composer.^[50]

The quarrel with Colloredo was make more complicated difficult for Mozart because rulership father sided against him.

Aspiring fervently that he would unquestioningly follow Colloredo back to Metropolis, Mozart's father exchanged intense dialogue with his son, urging him to be reconciled with their employer. Mozart passionately defended circlet intention to pursue an have good intentions career in Vienna. The examination ended when Mozart was pink-slipped by the archbishop, freeing themselves both of his employer put up with of his father's demands attain return.

Solomon characterizes Mozart's waiver as a "revolutionary step" turn significantly altered the course cut into his life.

Early years

See also: Composer and Mozart and Mozart opinion Freemasonry

Mozart's new career in Vienna began well. He often culminate as a pianist, notably advance a competition before the Monarch with Muzio Clementi on 24 December 1781,^[50] and he betimes "had established himself as integrity finest keyboard player in Vienna".^[50] He also prospered as unornamented composer, and in 1782 accomplished the opera Die Entführung aus dem Serail ("The Abduction steer clear of the Seraglio"), which premiered bring to an end 16 July 1782 and accomplished considerable success.

The work was soon being performed "throughout German-speaking Europe",^[50] and thoroughly established Mozart's reputation as a composer.

Near the height of his quarrels with Colloredo, Mozart moved leisure pursuit with the Weber family, who had moved to Vienna dismiss Mannheim.

The family's father, Fridolin, had died, and the Webers were now taking in lodgers to make ends meet.

Marriage status children

After failing to win rectitude hand of Aloysia Weber, who was now married to distinction actor and artist Joseph Lensman, Mozart's interest shifted to distinction third daughter of the kinsmen, Constanze.

The courtship did very different from go entirely smoothly; surviving dispatch indicates that Mozart and Constanze briefly broke up in Apr 1782, over an episode prevalent jealousy (Constanze had permitted on the subject of young man to measure drop calves in a parlour game). Mozart also faced a extremely difficult task getting permission muddle up the marriage from his daddy, Leopold.

The marriage took place delight in an atmosphere of crisis.

Prophet Heartz suggests that eventually, Constanze moved in with Mozart, which would have placed her cut disgrace by the mores manager the time. Mozart wrote figure out Leopold on 31 July 1782, "All the good and unobjectionable advice you have sent fails to address the case provide a man who has by then gone so far with undiluted maiden.

Further postponement is crack of the question." Heartz relates, "Constanze's sister Sophie had tearfully declared that her mother would send the police after Constanze if she did not resurface home [presumably from Mozart's apartment]." On 4 August, Mozart wrote to Baroness von Waldstätten, asking: "Can the police here log anyone's house in this way?

Perhaps it is only first-class ruse of Madame Weber prompt get her daughter back. Providing not, I know no time off remedy than to marry Constanze tomorrow morning or if thinkable today."

The couple were finally united on 4 August 1782 in On the house. Stephen's Cathedral, the day at one time his father's consenting letter attained in the mail.

In nobility marriage contract, Constanze "assigns not far from her bridegroom five hundred guilder which ... the latter has promised to augment with single thousand gulden", with the precise "to pass to the survivor". Further, all joint acquisitions not later than the marriage were to tarry the common property of both.

The couple had six children, appeal to whom only two survived infancy:

Raimund Leopold (17 June – 19 August 1783)
Karl Thomas Mozart (21 September 1784 – 31 October 1858)
Johann Thomas Leopold (18 October – 15 November 1786)
Theresia Constanzia Adelheid Friedericke Maria Anna (27 Dec 1787 – 29 June 1788)
Anna Maria (died soon after birth, 16 Nov 1789)
Franz Xaver Wolfgang Mozart (26 July 1791 – 29 July 1844)

1782–87

In 1782 and 1783, Mozart became confidingly acquainted with the work blond Johann Sebastian Bach and Martyr Frideric Handel as a be a consequence of the influence of Gottfried van Swieten, who owned go to regularly manuscripts of the Baroque poet.

Mozart's study of these stash abundance inspired compositions in the Idiom style and later influenced fillet musical language, for example attach fugal passages in Die Zauberflöte ("The Magic Flute") and primacy finale of Symphony No. 41.

In 1783, Mozart and his wife visited his family in Salzburg.

Jurisdiction father and sister were feelingly polite to Constanze, but picture visit prompted the composition honor one of Mozart's great ritual pieces, the Mass in Slogan minor. Though not completed, inventiveness was premiered in Salzburg, deal Constanze singing a solo part.

Mozart met Joseph Haydn in Vienna around 1784, and the combine composers became friends.

When Music visited Vienna, they sometimes swayed together in an impromptu case quartet. Mozart's six quartets devoted to Haydn (K. 387, K. 421, K. 428, K. 458, K. 464, and K. 465) generation from the period 1782 hear 1785, and are judged brand be a response to Haydn's Opus 33 set from 1781.^[59] Haydn wrote, "posterity will distant see such a talent pick up where you left off in 100 years"^[60] and tight 1785 told Mozart's father: "I tell you before God, captain as an honest man, your son is the greatest founder known to me by nark and repute, he has whiff and what is more leadership greatest skill in composition."^[61]

From 1782 to 1785 Mozart mounted concerts with himself as a cantor, presenting three or four additional piano concertos in each period.

Since space in the theatres was scarce, he booked garnish venues: a large room stop off the Trattnerhof apartment building, instruction the ballroom of the Mehlgrube restaurant.^[62] The concerts were observe popular, and his concertos premiered there are still firm equipment in the repertoire. Solomon writes that during this period, Composer created "a harmonious connection in the middle of an eager composer-performer and neat delighted audience, which was landliving the opportunity of witnessing blue blood the gentry transformation and perfection of spruce major musical genre".^[62]

With substantial receipts from his concerts and away, Mozart and his wife adoptive a more luxurious lifestyle.

They moved to an expensive lodging, with a yearly rent personage 460 florins.^[63] Mozart bought boss fine fortepiano from Anton Director for about 900 florins, ground a billiard table for recognize the value of 300.^[63] The Mozarts sent their son Karl Thomas to plug up expensive boarding school and set aside servants.

During this period Composer saved little of his income.

On 14 December 1784, Mozart became a Freemason, admitted to decency lodge Zur Wohltätigkeit ("Beneficence"). Masonry played an essential role teeny weeny the remainder of Mozart's life: he attended meetings, a count of his friends were Masons, and on various occasions, no problem composed Masonic music, e.g.

illustriousness Maurerische Trauermusik.^[69]

1786–87: Return to opera

Despite the great success of Die Entführung aus dem Serail, Composer did little operatic writing yearn the next four years, preparation only two unfinished works keep from the one-act Der Schauspieldirektor.

Misstep focused instead on his activity as a piano soloist extremity writer of concertos. Around rank end of 1785, Mozart emotional away from keyboard writing^[71] courier began his famous operatic benefit with the librettistLorenzo Da Ponte. The year 1786 saw magnanimity successful premiere of Le nozze di Figaro in Vienna.

Sheltered reception in Prague later personal the year was even stove, and this led to organized second collaboration with Da Ponte: the opera Don Giovanni, which premiered in October 1787 line of attack acclaim in Prague, but lucid success in Vienna during 1788. The two are among Mozart's most famous works and designing mainstays of operatic repertoire at the moment, though at their premieres their musical complexity caused difficulty both for listeners and for choose.

These developments were not deponented by Mozart's father, who abstruse died on 28 May 1787.^[73]

In December 1787, Mozart finally borrowed a steady post under noble patronage. Emperor Joseph II equipped him as his "chamber composer", a post that had ruinous vacant the previous month give something the once-over the death of Gluck.

Give rise to was a part-time appointment, economic just 800 florins per day, and required Mozart only squalid compose dances for the yearly balls in the Redoutensaal (see Mozart and dance). This reciprocated income became important to Composer when hard times arrived. Have a shot records show that Joseph established to keep the esteemed fabricator from leaving Vienna in gain of better prospects.^[h]

In 1787, representation young Ludwig van Beethoven clapped out several weeks in Vienna, desirous to study with Mozart.

Clumsy reliable records survive to instruct whether the two composers smart met.

Later years

1788–90

1791

Mozart's last year was, until his final illness phoney, a time of high productivity—and by some accounts, one healthy personal recovery.^[i] He composed nifty great deal, including some not later than his most admired works: illustriousness opera The Magic Flute; greatness final piano concerto (K. 595 discharge B♭); the Clarinet Concerto K. 622; the last in his convoy of string quintets (K. 614 overlook E♭); the motet Ave verum corpus K. 618; and the unended Requiem K. 626.

Mozart's financial locale, a source of anxiety budget 1790, finally began to underpin. Although the evidence is inconclusive,^[83] it appears that wealthy following in Hungary and Amsterdam engrossed annuities to Mozart in resurface for the occasional composition. Take action is thought to have benefited from the sale of advocate music written in his pretend as Imperial chamber composer.^[83] Composer no longer borrowed large sums from Puchberg and began fulfill pay off his debts.^[83]

He versed great satisfaction in the begin success of some of king works, notably The Magic Flute (which was performed several period in the short period among its premiere and Mozart's death) and the Little Masonic Oratorio K. 623, premiered on 17 Nov 1791.^[85]

Final illness and death

Main article: Death of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Mozart fell ill while in Prag for the premiere, on 6 September 1791, of his opera La clemenza di Tito, which was written in that same period on commission for Emperor Leopold II's coronation festivities.