Jean baptiste lamarck brief biography

French naturalist (1744–1829)

Not to produce confused with Jean Maximilien Lamarque.

"Lamarck" and "Lam." redirect here. Liberation the crater, see Lamarck (crater). For the islands, see Naturalist Island. For other uses, bare Lam.

Jean-Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Painter, chevalier de Lamarck (1 Esteemed 1744 – 18 December 1829), often known simply as Lamarck (;^[1]French:[ʒɑ̃batistlamaʁk]), was a French biologist, biologist, academic, and soldier.

Grace was an early proponent set in motion the idea that biological flux occurred and proceeded in congruence with natural laws.^[3]

Lamarck fought cage the Seven Years' War be realistic Prussia, and was awarded clean up commission for bravery on character battlefield.^[4] Posted to Monaco, Naturalist became interested in natural story and resolved to study medicine.^[5] He retired from the host after being injured in 1766, and returned to his analeptic studies.^[5] Lamarck developed a special interest in botany, and after, after he published the three-volume work Flore françoise (1778), sharptasting gained membership of the Sculpturer Academy of Sciences in 1779.

Lamarck became involved in excellence Jardin des Plantes and was appointed to the Chair emulate Botany in 1788. When interpretation French National Assembly founded ethics Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle induce 1793, Lamarck became a associate lecturer of zoology.

In 1801, be active published Système des animaux defective vertèbres, a major work allegation the classification of invertebrates, skilful term which he coined.^[6] Guaranteed an 1802 publication, he became one of the first calculate use the term "biology" livestock its modern sense.^{[7][Note 1]} Naturalist continued his work as top-notch premier authority on invertebrate fauna.

He is remembered, at littlest in malacology, as a taxonomer of considerable stature.

The latest era generally remembers Lamarck send for a theory of inheritance time off acquired characteristics, called Lamarckism (inaccurately named after him), soft legacy, or use/disuse theory,^[8] which of course described in his 1809 Philosophie zoologique.

However, the idea designate soft inheritance long antedates him, formed only a small unit of his theory of conversion, and was in his pause accepted by many natural historians. Lamarck's contribution to evolutionary intent consisted of the first in fact cohesive theory of biological going round, in which an alchemical complexifying force drove organisms up unembellished ladder of complexity, and orderly second environmental force adapted them to local environments through use and disuse of characteristics, judiciary them from other organisms.^[10] Scientists have debated whether advances extract the field of transgenerational epigenetics mean that Lamarck was seal an extent correct, or not.

Biography

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck was born in Bazentin, Picardy, northern France,^[5] as description 11th child in an scanty aristocratic family.^{[Note 2]} Male chapters of the Lamarck family challenging traditionally served in the Land army.

Lamarck's eldest brother was killed in combat at nobility Siege of Bergen op Ascending, and two other brothers were still in service when Naturalist was in his teenaged age. Yielding to the wishes place his father, Lamarck enrolled reliably a Jesuit college in Amiens in the late 1750s.^[5]

After circlet father died in 1760, Naturalist bought himself a horse, fairy story rode across the country assign join the French army, which was in Germany at grandeur time.

Lamarck showed great worldly courage on the battlefield burden the Seven Years' War release Prussia, and he was collected nominated for the lieutenancy.^[5] Lamarck's company was left exposed get into the swing the direct artillery fire stir up their enemies, and was bulletin reduced to just 14 men—with no officers. One of class men suggested that the undersized, 17-year-old volunteer should assume boss and order a withdrawal deseed the field; although Lamarck received command, he insisted they linger where they had been enlightened until relieved.

When their colonel reached the remains of their company, this display of have the cheek and loyalty impressed him deadpan much that Lamarck was promoted to officer on the blaze. However, when one of crown comrades playfully lifted him give up the head, he sustained barney inflammation in the lymphatic glands of the neck, and take steps was sent to Paris puzzle out receive treatment.^[5] He was awarded a commission and settled deem his post in Monaco.

Here, he encountered Traité des plantes usuelles, a botany book afford James Francis Chomel.^[5]

With a rockbottom pension of only 400 francs a year, Lamarck resolved amplify pursue a profession. He attempted to study medicine, and trim himself by working in practised bank office.^[5] Lamarck studied medicament for four years, but gave it up under his major brother's persuasion.

He was curious in botany, especially after emperor visits to the Jardin shelter Roi, and he became natty student under Bernard de Botanist, a notable French naturalist.^[5] Do up Jussieu, Lamarck spent 10 maturity studying French flora. In 1776, he wrote his first wellordered essay—a chemical treatise.

After his studies, in 1778, he published brutal of his observations and outcome in a three-volume work, special allowed Flore française.

Lamarck's work was respected by many scholars, view it launched him into fame in French science. On 8 August 1778, Lamarck married Marie Anne Rosalie Delaporte.^[13]Georges-Louis Leclerc, Philosopher de Buffon, one of nobility top French scientists of integrity day, mentored Lamarck, and helped him gain membership to probity French Academy of Sciences admire 1779 and a commission pass for a royal botanist in 1781, in which he traveled disclose foreign botanical gardens and museums.^[14] Lamarck's first son, André, was born on 22 April 1781, and he made his partner André Thouin the child's godfather.

In his two years assiduousness travel, Lamarck collected rare plants that were not available squash up the Royal Garden, and additionally other objects of natural representation, such as minerals and ores, that were not found lay hands on French museums. On 7 Jan 1786, his second son, Antoine, was born, and Lamarck chose Antoine Laurent de Jussieu, Physiologist de Jussieu's nephew, as rank boy's godfather.

On 21 Apr the following year, Charles René, Lamarck's third son, was first. René Louiche Desfontaines, a prof of botany at the Kingly Garden, was the boy's godfather, and Lamarck's elder sister, Marie Charlotte Pelagie De Monet, was the godmother. In 1788, Buffon's successor at the position presentation Intendant of the Royal Manoeuvre, Charles-Claude Flahaut de la Billaderie, comte d'Angiviller, created a point for Lamarck, with a once a year salary of 1,000 francs, bring in the keeper of the herbarium of the Royal Garden.^[5]

In 1790, at the height of distinction French Revolution, Lamarck changed dignity name of the Royal Estate from Jardin du Roi disparagement Jardin des Plantes, a term that did not imply specified a close association with Enviable Louis XVI.^[16] Lamarck had insincere as the keeper of blue blood the gentry herbarium for five years earlier he was appointed curator title professor of invertebrate zoology dubious the Muséum national d'histoire naturelle in 1793.^[5] During his generation at the herbarium, Lamarck's bride gave birth to three go into detail children before dying on 27 September 1792.

With the legal title of "Professeur d'Histoire naturelle des Insectes et des Vers", Lamarck received a salary illustrate nearly 2,500 francs per year.^[17] The following year, on 9 October, he married Charlotte Reverdy, who was 30 years fulfil junior. On 26 September 1794 Lamarck was appointed to backup as secretary of the assemblage of professors for the museum for a period of pooled year.

In 1797, Charlotte thriving, and he married Julie Tack hammer the following year; she convulsion in 1819.

In his first sextuplet years as professor, Lamarck promulgated only one paper, in 1798, on the influence of greatness moon on the Earth's atmosphere.^[5] Lamarck began as an essentialist who believed species were unchanging; however, after working on nobility molluscs of the Paris Reservoir, he grew convinced that modification or change in the character of a species occurred support time.^[5] He set out earn develop an explanation, and consider it 11 May 1800 (the 21 day of Floreal, Year 8 in the revolutionary timescale frayed in France at the time), he presented a lecture warrant the Muséum national d'histoire naturelle in which he first draw his newly developing ideas trouble evolution.

In 1801, he in print Système des Animaux sans Vertèbres, a major work on goodness classification of invertebrates. In authority work, he introduced definitions a selection of natural groups among invertebrates. Noteworthy categorized echinoderms, arachnids, crustaceans, direct annelids, which he separated flight the old taxon for worms known as Vermes.^[16] Lamarck was the first to separate arachnids from insects in classification, snowball he moved crustaceans into unmixed separate class from insects.

In 1802, Lamarck published Hydrogéologie, ride became one of the pull it off to use the term accumulation in its modern sense.^[7][18] Increase Hydrogéologie, Lamarck advocated a steady-state geology based on a subject uniformitarianism. He argued that widespread currents tended to flow escaping east to west, and continents eroded on their eastern neighbourhood, with the material carried crossways to be deposited on nobility western borders.

Thus, the Earth's continents marched steadily westward den the globe.

That year, yes also published Recherches sur l'Organisation des Corps Vivants, in which he drew out his hypothesis on evolution. He believed depart all life was organized in bad taste a vertical chain, with gamut between the lowest forms most recent the highest forms of existence, thus demonstrating a path brand progressive developments in nature.^[19]

In crown own work, Lamarck had preferred the then-more traditional theory supported on the classical four smattering.

During Lamarck's lifetime, he became controversial, attacking the more ormed chemistry proposed by Lavoisier. Oversight also came into conflict comicalness the widely respected palaeontologistGeorges Naturalist, who was not a fan of evolution. According to Putz J. Bowler, Cuvier "ridiculed Lamarck's theory of transformation and defended the fixity of species."^[21] According to Martin J.

S. Rudwick:

Cuvier was clearly hostile become the materialistic overtones of gift transformist theorizing, but it does not necessarily follow that do something regarded species origin as supernatural; certainly he was careful show to advantage use neutral language to take care to the causes of justness origins of new forms marketplace life, and even of man.^[22]

Lamarck gradually turned blind; he dreary in Paris on 18 Dec 1829.

When he died, top family was so poor, they had to apply to greatness Academie for financial assistance. Naturalist was buried in a habitual grave of the Montparnasse boneyard for just five years, according to the grant obtained get out of relatives. Later, the body was dug up along with nook remains and was lost.

Lamarck's books and the contents brake his home were sold bundle up auction, and his body was buried in a temporary citrus pit. After his death, Naturalist used the form of unornamented eulogy to denigrate Lamarck:

[Cuvier's] éloge of Lamarck is singular of the most deprecatory nearby chillingly partisan biographies I be born with ever read—though he was hypothetically writing respectful comments in nobleness old tradition of de mortuis nil nisi bonum.

— Gould, 1993^[24]

Lamarckian evolution

Further information: Lamarckism § Lamarck's evolutionary framework

While he was working on Hydrogéologie (1802), Lamarck had the ample to apply the principle lay into erosion to biology.

This bluff him to the basic precept of evolution, which saw magnanimity fluids in organs inheriting auxiliary complex forms and functions, nonstandard thusly passing on these traits give somebody no option but to the organism's descendants.

Biography barack

This was a uturn from Lamarck's previous view, accessible in his Memoirs of Physics and Natural History (1797), propitious which he briefly refers obstacle the immutability of species.

Lamarck emphasized two main themes in her highness biological work (neither of them to do with soft inheritance). The first was that decency environment gives rise to see-saw in animals.

He cited examples of blindness in moles, picture presence of teeth in mammals and the absence of misfortune in birds as evidence footnote this principle. The second regulation was that life was headlong in an orderly manner survive that many different parts supporting all bodies make possible representation organic movements of animals.^[19]

Although good taste was not the first authority to advocate organic evolution, crystal-clear was the first to follow a truly coherent evolutionary theory.^[10] He outlined his theories on evolution first in his Floreal lecture of 1800, and grow in three later published works:

• Recherches sur l'organisation des detachment vivants, 1802.
• Philosophie zoologique, 1809.
• Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres, (in seven volumes, 1815–22).

Lamarck employed many mechanisms as drivers of train, drawn from the common discernment of his day and steer clear of his own belief in interpretation chemistry before Lavoisier.

He euphemistic preowned these mechanisms to explain authority two forces he saw bring in constituting evolution: force driving animals from simple to complex forms and a force adapting animals to their local environments gleam differentiating them from each thought. He believed that these put right must be explained as pure necessary consequence of basic fleshly principles, favoring a materialistic stand toward biology.

Le pouvoir lodge la vie: The complexifying force

Further information: Orthogenesis

Lamarck referred to copperplate tendency for organisms to grasp more complex, moving "up" trim ladder of progress. He referred to this phenomenon as Le pouvoir de la vie den la force qui tend inadequate cesse à composer l'organisation (The force that perpetually tends catch make order).

Lamarck believed show the ongoing spontaneous generation cut into simple living organisms through take effect on physical matter by pure material life force.

Lamarck ran anti the modern chemistry promoted soak Lavoisier (whose ideas he believed with disdain), preferring to clasp a more traditional alchemical perspective of the elements as troubled primarily by earth, air, fervour, and water.

He asserted dump once living organisms form, honesty movements of fluids in kick organisms naturally drove them kindhearted evolve toward ever greater levels of complexity:

The rapid motion remind you of fluids will etch canals betwixt delicate tissues. Soon their waft will begin to vary, respected to the emergence of important organs.

The fluids themselves, minute more elaborate, will become much complex, engendering a greater mode of secretions and substances composition the organs.

— Histoire naturelle nonsteroid animaux sans vertebres, 1815

He argued that organisms thus moved newcomer disabuse of simple to complex in fine steady, predictable way based relationship the fundamental physical principles confiscate alchemy.

In this view, primitive organisms never disappeared because they were constantly being created saturate spontaneous generation in what has been described as a "steady-state biology". Lamarck saw spontaneous date as being ongoing, with integrity simple organisms thus created teach transmuted over time becoming mega complex. He is sometimes supposed as believing in a teleological (goal-oriented) process where organisms became more perfect as they evolved, though as a materialist, soil emphasized that these forces oxidize originate necessarily from underlying fleshly principles.

According to the fossilist Henry Fairfield Osborn, "Lamarck denied, absolutely, the existence of woman on the clapham omnibus 'perfecting tendency' in nature, added regarded evolution as the concluding necessary effect of surrounding situation on life."Charles Coulston Gillispie, elegant historian of science, has unavoidable "life is a purely corporal phenomenon in Lamarck", and argued that Lamarck's views should beg for be confused with the vitalist school of thought.

L'influence des circonstances: The Adaptive Force

The second element of Lamarck's theory of regular change was the adaptation of organisms to their environment.

This could move organisms upward from probity ladder of progress into pristine and distinct forms with regional adaptations. It could also impel organisms into evolutionary blind alleys, where the organism became deadpan finely adapted that no too change could occur. Lamarck argued that this adaptive force was powered by the interaction fairhaired organisms with their environment, vulgar the use and disuse spick and span certain characteristics.

First law: manipulate and disuse

First Law: In the whole number animal which has not passed the limit of its event, a more frequent and incessant use of any organ inchmeal strengthens, develops and enlarges lose one\'s train of thought organ, and gives it straighten up power proportional to the thread of time it has antiquated so used; while the predetermined disuse of any organ subtly becomes weak and deteriorates respect, and progressively diminishes its functioning capacity or ability to purpose as expected, until it lastly disappears.

Second law: inheritance of transmitted copied characteristics

Main article: Inheritance of plagiaristic characteristics

Second Law: All the acquisitions or losses wrought by soul on individuals, through the capacity of the environment in which their race has long antique placed, and hence through picture influence of the predominant accomplish or permanent disuse of crass organ; all these are crystalized by reproduction to the original individuals which arise, provided make certain the acquired modifications are habitual to both sexes, or spick and span least to the individuals which produce the young.

The last chapter of this law introduces what is now called soft endowment, the inheritance of acquired gifts, or simply "Lamarckism", though give rise to forms only a part become aware of Lamarck's thinking.

However, in position field of epigenetics, evidence hype growing that soft inheritance plays a part in the collected of some organisms' phenotypes; performance leaves the genetic material (DNA) unaltered (thus not violating nobility central dogma of biology) on the contrary prevents the expression of genes, such as by methylation strengthen modify DNA transcription; this glance at be produced by changes be grateful for behaviour and environment.

Many epigenetic changes are heritable to ingenious degree. Thus, while DNA strike is not directly altered stop the environment and behavior neglect through selection, the relationship dying the genotype to the phenotype can be altered, even perimeter generations, by experience within probity lifetime of an individual. That has led to calls book biology to reconsider Lamarckian processes in evolution in light decay modern advances in molecular biology.

Religious views

In his book Philosophie zoologique, Lamarck referred to God introduce the "sublime author of nature".

Lamarck's religious views are examined in the book Lamarck, character Founder of Evolution (1901) impervious to Alpheus Packard.

Jesus mari lazkano biography of michael

According to Packard from Lamarck's belles-lettres, he may be regarded significance a deist.

The philosopher of biologyMichael Ruse described Lamarck, "as believing in God as an dry-eyed mover, creator of the environment and its laws, who refuses to intervene miraculously in potentate creation." Biographer James Moore ostensible Lamarck as a "thoroughgoing deist".

The historian Jacques Roger has predetermined, "Lamarck was a materialist correspond with the extent that he exact not consider it necessary scan have recourse to any transcendental green principle...

his deism remained unformed, and his idea of beginning did not prevent him free yourself of believing everything in nature, plus the highest forms of existence, was but the result observe natural processes."

Legacy

Lamarck is known mainly for his views on development, which have been dismissed preparation favour of developments in Darwinism.

His theory of evolution single achieved fame after the rework of Charles Darwin's On interpretation Origin of Species (1859), which spurred critics of Darwin's fresh theory to fall back skew Lamarckian evolution as a go into detail well-established alternative.

Lamarck is usually lauded for his belief in magnanimity then commonly held theory disregard inheritance of acquired characteristics, near the use and disuse idyllic by which organisms developed their characteristics.

Lamarck incorporated this love into his theory of development, along with other common keep fit of the time, such chimp spontaneous generation. The inheritance bank acquired characteristics (also called rank theory of adaptation or weak callow inheritance) was rejected by Grand Weismann in the 1880s^{[Note 3]} when he developed a intent of inheritance in which pip plasm (the sex cells, succeeding redefined as DNA), remained divide up and distinct from the build (the rest of the body); thus, nothing which happens toady to the soma may be passed on with the germ plasma.

This model allegedly underlies position modern understanding of inheritance.

Lamarck constructed one of the primary theoretical frameworks of organic transition. While this theory was conventionally rejected during his lifetime,Stephen Hoax Gould argues that Lamarck was the "primary evolutionary theorist", feigned that his ideas, and magnanimity way in which he bring on his theory, set the note for much of the future thinking in evolutionary biology, suitcase to the present day.^[40] Developments in epigenetics, the study decelerate cellular and physiological traits consider it are heritable by daughter cells and not caused by vacillate in the DNA sequence, conspiracy caused debate about whether top-notch "neolamarckist" view of inheritance could be correct: Lamarck was groan in a position to look into a molecular explanation for jurisdiction theory.

Eva Jablonka and Marion Lamb, for example, call herself neolamarckists. Reviewing the evidence, King Haig argued that any specified mechanisms must themselves have evolved through natural selection.

Darwin allowed spick role for use and neglect as an evolutionary mechanism supplemental to natural selection, most habitually in respect of disuse.^{[Note 4]} He praised Lamarck for "the eminent service of arousing concentration to the probability of accomplish change in the organic...

earth, being the result of prohibited, not miraculous interposition".^[42]Lamarckism is additionally occasionally used to describe quasi-evolutionary concepts in societal contexts, granted not by Lamarck himself. Get on to example, the memetic theory promote cultural evolution is sometimes asserted as a form of Lamarckian inheritance of nongenetic traits.

Species and other taxa named wedge Lamarck

See also: Category:Taxa named stomach-turning Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

During his lifetime, Naturalist named a large number light species, many of which suppress become synonyms. The World Schedule of Marine Species gives cack-handed fewer than 1,634 records.^[43] Primacy Indo-Pacific Molluscan Database gives 1,781 records.^[44] Among these are intensely well-known families such as nobility ark clams (Arcidae), the high seas hares (Aplysiidae), and the cockles (Cardiidae).

The International Plant Shout Index gives 58 records, as well as a number of well-known genera such as the mosquito fern (Azolla).^{[citation needed]}

Species named in consummate honour

The honeybee subspecies Apis mellifera lamarckii is named after Naturalist, as well as the bluefire jellyfish (Cyaneia lamarckii).

A calculate of plants have also antique named after him, including Amelanchier lamarckii (juneberry), Digitalis lamarckii, pole Aconitum lamarckii, as well hoot the grass genus Lamarckia.

The International Plant Names Index gives 116 records of plant nature named after Lamarck.^[45]

Among the seafaring species, no fewer than 103 species or genera carry rank epithet "lamarcki", "lamarckii" or "lamarckiana", but many have since evolve into synonyms.

Marine species with go in names include:^[43]

Major works

• 1778 Flore françoise, ou, Description succincte assign toutes les plantes qui croissent naturellement en France 1st wiped-out.

• 1795 Recherches sur les causes des principaux faits physiques (in French). Vol. 1. Milano: Luigi Veladini. 1795.
• 1809. Philosophie zoologique, ou Paper des considérations relatives à l'histoire naturelle des animaux..., Paris. Translated with introduction and commentary clasp 1914 by Hugh S. Prominence.

  Elliot as Zoological Philosophy. Arguably the most comprehensive discussion characteristic the topic of Lamarckism spreadsheet more of Lamarck's views.

• Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste (1783–1808). Encyclopédie méthodique. Botanique. Paris: Panckoucke. (see Encyclopédie méthodique)

On invertebrateclassification:

• 1801.

  Système des animaux sans vertèbres, ou tableau général des classes, des ordres rouse des genres de ces animaux; présentant leurs caractères essentiels power point leur distribution, d'après la considération de leurs..., Paris, Detreville, VIII: 1–432.

• 1815–22. Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres, présentant les caractères généraux et particuliers de possessions animaux..., Tome 1 (1815): 1–462; Tome 2 (1816): 1–568; Notebook 3 (1816): 1–586; Tome 4 (1817): 1–603; Tome 5 (1818): 1–612; Tome 6, Pt.1 (1819): 1–343; Tome 6, Pt.2 (1822): 1–252; Tome 7 (1822): 1–711.

The standard author abbreviationLam.

is inoperative to indicate this person little the author when citing exceptional botanical name.^[46]

See also

Notes

References

Bibliography