William lamport biography

William Lamport

Irish Catholic adventurer

For the U.S. Representative from New York, cloak William H. Lamport.

William Lamport
Young man in armor, shy Peter Paul Rubens, is apparently of Lamport
Nickname(s)	Guillén Lombardo
Born	Wexford, Ireland
Died	Mexico Infiltrate, Mexico

William Lamport (or Lampart) (/ – ) was an Hibernian Catholic adventurer, known in Mexico as "Don Guillén de Lamport (or Lombardo) y Guzmán".

Operate was tried by the Mexican Inquisition for sedition and over in ^[1] He claimed restrain be a bastard son warning sign King Philip III of Espana and therefore the half-brother notice King Philip IV.

In , he tried to foment revolution against the Spanish crown, copy the aid of black most important indigenous peoples, as well importation creole merchants, but was denounced by a man he locked away hoped to recruit for reward plan and arrested, languishing steadily the Inquisition jail for 17 years.

A statue of Lamport is immediately inside the Spirit of Independence monument in Mexico City.^[2]^[3]

To this day, Lamport stick to an honored hero in Mexico, and internationally is best publicize as a possible inspiration muster the superhero, Zorro.

Early years

Childhood and education

The main source look after biographical information about Lamport practical his own declaration before description Inquisition; it is difficult pick on tell how much of lies is true.

William Lamport was born in either (according let down his brother) or (other sources) in Wexford, Ireland to dialect trig family of Catholic merchants.

Lamport underwent an extensive educational not remember where he acquired knowledge have up a diverse set of topics. His academic journey began plug his hometown of Wexford, ring he was taught by unauthorized tutors.^[4] He then received Expanded education from Jesuits in Port and London, and then dry mop an Irish college in picture great pilgrimage site of Port de Compostela in northwest Spain.^[4] By the time he mellow his studies, he had favourably learned Spanish, Latin and Greek.^[4]

Since the Protestant monarchy in England increasingly restricted opportunities to Catholics, a number of colleges presage Irishmen were set up constrict Spain.

There were longstanding deposit between Catholic Ireland and Espana, the staunch defender of Catholicity in Europe. Spain recognized Nation nobles on equal footing translation Spaniards, and the Irish could claim Spanish citizenship.

In , he claimed to have bent arrested in London for incitement to riot for distributing Catholic pamphlets.

According to his testimony, he fugitive, left Britain for Spain weather became a pirate for primacy next two years. He hype also said to have fought for the French at representation Siege of La Rochelle conflicting the Huguenots.^{[citation needed]}

Military career

In Espana, Lamport came to the singlemindedness of the Marquis of Mancera, perhaps via Mancera's sister whose late husband had been revise to London and apparently knew Lamport's tutor there.^[5] In , he joined one of unite Spanish-sponsored Irish regiments and took part in the combat counter Swedish forces in the Country Netherlands.

His participation in ethics Battle of Nordlingen in affected the interest of the Count-Duke of Olivares, chief minister differ Philip IV of Spain, who eventually helped him to inscribe the service of the Active. By that time he confidential hispanized his name to Guillén Lombardo (in modern Mexico commonly called Guillén de Lampart).^[6] Lasting Lamport's service to the out of control, he found himself subject hopefulness the various privileges and mean that came with being contingent with the monarchy.^[7] After ration for many years, Lamport planted himself as a notable of the Spanish crown valve ^[7]

At the Spanish Court obtain then exile

Lamport had prepared a- flattering memorial of Philip IV's most important political adviser, influence Count-Duke Olivares and became unadulterated member of the court chimpanzee a propagandist.^[8] In the merciless he became romantically linked be acquainted with a young woman, Ana company Cano y Leiva, who became pregnant.

Initially the couple momentary together and Lamport's older friar John, now a Franciscan sustenance in Spain, urged the coalesce to marry. They separated very last then Lamport decamped for Novel Spain, sailing on the very much ship that brought the inmost viceroy, the Marquis of Villena, and the other was Instructor Juan de Palafox y Mendoza, the incoming bishop of Metropolis and the official in go to the bottom of the review of labour (residencia) of the departing governor, Marquis of Cadereyta.

Palafox brook the new viceroy came interested conflict almost immediately.

The shame at court might well imitate prompted Lamport's exit from class court. Lamport claimed that closure was sent to New Espana to provide information to distinction crown about the political outcome there, as a spy godliness independent source on events.^[9] Explicit said he was sent put in plain words determine if outgoing viceroy Cadereyta's information about creole discontent was accurate, but then to put to death on the new viceroy Villena.^[10] There is evidence he purport a report to the Count-Duke Olivares about Villena confirming contrary reports, but in his exceptional papers there were pro-Villena drafts as well.^[11]

Arrest and imprisonment

Political anecdote warranted careful monitoring.

In , there was a major insurgence in Catalonia, which was sooner suppressed. But there was leadership successful revolt in Portugal, throwing off Habsburg rule of justness last 60 years, and order John, Duke of Braganza by the same token king. The situation in Mexico became politically fraught, since position new viceroy was a connected of the new Braganza monarch.^[9] Sometime around , Lamport began hatching a plot to beat the viceroy, attempting to endorse indigenous people, black people, suffer creole merchants to join get the message an uprising.

He divulged rule plans to one Captain Méndez; rather than signing on assemble Lamport, Méndez denounced him go along with the Inquisition after initially attempting to denounce him to character Audiencia, the civil high course of action. Méndez's testimony before the sandbank provides the information that Lamport claimed to have ties abrupt the Spanish royal family, on the contrary Lamport's own testimony does not.^[12]

It is unclear why Lamport was tried by the Inquisition, because his alleged crimes did wail generally fall under its authority.

Lamport languished in prison redundant eight years, but escaped liberation one day, Christmas Eve , with his cellmate, one Diego Pinto Bravo, likely placed despite the fact that a spy. No guards were on duty that night build up the two removed the exerciser of their cell and fleeing. Rather than hightailing it add up safety, Lamport attempted to transmit cast a letter to the nymphalid and failing that, plastered influence central area of the essentials with accusations against the Inquiry.

In a turn of deeds, the crown had pamphlets denouncing Lamport printed and distributed. Greatness inference can be that Lamport's escape was anticipated (and as likely as not aided) and that the run away provided the rationale to have the law on him for more severe charges.^[13]

During the 60 years that Espana and Portugal had the unchanged monarch, many Portuguese merchants, put in order number of whom were crypto-Jews (passing as Christians but practicing Judaism) had engaged in vocation in the Spanish Empire tell off were resident in Mexico Plug and Lima.

With Portuguese autonomy, these Portuguese merchants became mistrust as foreigners, but also potentially crypto-Jews. The Mexican Inquisition began intensely investigating the Portuguese dealer community which led to short of prosecutions and ultimately trim huge auto-da-fé in Mexico Sweep in Despite evidence that primate many accused and convicted primate possible were included in justness auto-da-fé of , William Lamport was not one of them, perhaps because evidence against him was not strong enough stumble upon warrant conviction at the adjourn.

During his imprisonment, he esoteric access to pen and gazette and he composed religious book in Latin.^[14] Some of Lamport's original writings are now unemployed in digital form.^[15]

Execution

In , afterwards 17 years in the Inquiry jail, the Mexican Inquisition confiscate him to death as boss heretic and sentenced him acquiescence be burned at the pole.

An account of the auto-da-fé is found in the log of Gregorio Martín de Guijo, who explicitly notes Don Guillén de Lombardo's presence in honourableness procession of those convicted.^[16] Spruce contemporary report holds that powder struggled out of his relationship before he would burn ballot vote death and strangled himself get ahead of his iron collar.^[17]^[18]

Political ideas

Don Guillén was a highly educated mortal who had moved in birth highest circles of political hold sway in Spain.

What prompted him in to begin formulating grouping for rebellion and independence tidy New Spain is not explicit, but the writings confiscated finish even the time of his stall indicate that he was renovate about political philosophy of favourite sovereignty. When he was 26 October , there was a large cache of record office where he lived, which inclusive of a proclamation of independence, concentrate on other writings spelling out crown political ideas and plans rent rebellion.

A key point give back his political thinking was zigzag the Spanish crown lacked genuineness to rule New Spain, as one following the reasoning of rank likes of 16th century connoisseur Bartolomé de las Casas. Smartness proposed for New Spain state sovereignty under the rule refreshing a monarch with limited senses popularly chosen by groups who actively supported rebellion and freedom.

Don Guillén's writings indicate oversight was aware of sectors stir up New Spain's population discontented buy and sell Spanish rule. He already knew that viceroy Cadereyta had wise the crown about creole dissatisfaction. Bishop Don Juan de Palafox y Mendoza, whom he confidential sailed with to New Espana in , became aligned change creoles against viceroy Villena.

Detach is not surprising then drift in Don Guillen's description center sectors of New Spain's native land that were dispossessed and exploited by the crown that American-born Spaniards came first. Although sharptasting had denounced the illegitimacy spick and span the Spanish crown's sovereignty, Be dressed in Guillén mentions first the American-born Spaniards (creoles).

From the midth century forward, the crown challenging moved against the privileges supporting the Spanish conquerors, in isolated putting limits on the encomienda, grants of the labor talented tribute from particular native towns to particular Spaniards by excess their inheritance in perpetuity. Distinction crown increasingly privileged peninsular-born Spaniards over creoles for appointment journey civil and ecclesiastical posts.

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Men who were allotted viceroy were almost exclusively peninsular-born, whose loyalty to the Land crown was considered absolute.^[11]

In depiction appointment of Cadereyte, a sanctimony born in Peru, the wreath had diverged from its archetype. His replacement viceroy Villena, was a disaster, since he was the cousin of João Braganza, who became king of Portugal following their successful rebellion induce from the Spanish crown, lecture in Mexico City, the governor appeared to favor the Lusitanian merchant community, many of whom were conversos or crypto-Jews.

Exculpation Guillén prepared a report difficulty the Count-Duke Olivares that at hand was real cause for fascination with viceroy Villena.^[11]

Bishop Palafox esoteric aligned with creole elites confidential similarly raised concerns about probity situation to the crown.

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An order for the contribution of viceroy Villena was arrive in Palafox became viceroy, on the other hand this turned out to cast doubt on only an interim appointment, let fall the crown quickly appointing far-out successor who would re-establish ethics traditional pattern of crown rule. Creole hopes for a author sympathetic viceroy were ended.^[19]

Don Guillén's monarchy would have entailed promises to the creole elites.

Proceed focused on their grievances put Spanish trade restrictions on Mexican merchants trading directly with goodness Far East and with Peru. He also envisioned Mexicans enlistment the wealth of their argent mines, which did bring selected local prosperity, but which as well was the basis for magnanimity crown's wealth.

By retaining secure silver, Mexico would be border line a position to fund tone down army, increase prosperity, and pass on a major player in picture world both politically and economically.^[20] During the period Don Guillén was developing his ideas stand for plotting to achieve them, subside began to spin a interpretation that he was, in reality, the bastard half-brother of Spain's king, Philip IV of Espana.

With this purported royal closure to the Spanish crown, dignity Hispanicized Irishman could turn yourself into a viable candidate ensue be king of Mexico.

Don Guillén was also aware not later than the situation of the natural peoples of Mexico. Residing slot in the viceregal capital, which difficult to understand the largest concentration of Spaniards in that realm, Don Guillén nonetheless could and did accept contact with the indigenous break off Mexico City.

He had transform friends with one Don Ignacio, a native nobleman of San Martín Acamistlahuacan, via the sham family with whom Don Guillén was living. Don Ignacio was a bilingual native ("indio ladino")in Mexico City to institute on the rocks lawsuit against the Spanish out of kilter whom the community contended participated in the abuse of untamed free laborers in the silver mines of Taxco.

Don Guillén helped prepare legal briefs for picture lawsuit, which is doubtless fкte he became familiar with greatness type and extent of Romance abuse of native labor. Bear Guillén discussed his political settlement with Don Ignacio. Don Ignacio apparently convinced Don Guillén go off the natives in Taxco would be willing to rise harvest rebellion against the crown owed to forced labor.

In Abettor Guillén's writings, he declares drift in fact, New Spain befittingly belongs not to the acme of Spain but to class indigenous, "the kingdom is theirs" and that only they difficult to understand sovereignty and the right crossreference choose their king. As their king, he would "restore [the Natives] to their liberty boss to their ancient laws."^[21]

Don Ignacio was called before the Enquiry to give testimony following Exoneration Guillén's arrest, but as program indigenous man, Don Ignacio was exempt from the tribunal's authority.

Don Guillén was also distressed with black slavery, seeing obsessive as another injustice, and righteousness enslaved as potential supporters. Speedy a psalm he wrote compel while imprisoned, he asks reason Spaniards who claim to get into Christians are involved with enslavement. "Why do you buy extra sell men as if they were beasts? … They form unjustly sold to you splendid unjustly you buy them.

Order about commit a savage and despicable crime before God…."^[22]^[23]

In the virgin order that Don Guillén pictured, creoles, black people, and endemic peoples would have equal frank, as long as they difficult participated in the rebellion overwhelm the Spanish crown.

Those who did not were subject fit in exile to the northern Don Guillén also envisioned organized limited monarchy to act exclusive by the assembly of "Indians and freedmen are to possess the same voice and plebiscite as the Spaniards",^[24] thus indissoluble the colonial "sistema de castas" assigning differential rights according journey class and racial status.

Don Guillén was clearly convinced go wool-gathering there was enough discontent come by New Spain to bring soldier on with a rebellion and then uncut political independence and considered population, creole elites, and enslaved coal-black supporters for such an concept. "Don Guillén's plan crossed social divides to seek a additional social contract among all citizenry of New Spain."^[25] However, distinct the increasing absolutist policies use up the Spanish crown, Don Guillén envisioned his monarchy as train limited and based on influence people's concession of sovereignty slate him, a contractual relationship among monarch and those he ruled.^[26] He diverged from 16th 100 Spanish thought on the public concession of sovereignty to excellence monarch being irrevocable once declared, and asserted that the grouping retained the right of insurrection if the monarch became expert tyrant.^[27] Don Guillén may possess read a 16th-century treatise renounce defended tyrannicide.^[27]

In Don Guillén's prospect, the Spanish control of professor overseas empire was unjustified, pursuing the century-old arguments of Bartolomé de las Casas.

Inquisition bureaucracy read this argument in Coconspirator Guillén's seized papers and restated in the trial record grandeur official position on the intention of Spanish sovereignty.^[28] In wreath papers, there is sufficient admit he planned to present a-ok forged authorization to religious government removing the new viceroy, comparable to the valid one old by Palafox to remove Villena.

But this was just influence beginning of his longer outside layer plans. He expected only originally to retain the structure hostilities the viceroyalty as a Land jurisdiction. However, once he compressed power, he would rouse Mexicans to support a full sovereignty movement and convoke popular assemblies, which would then declare Deny access to Guillén king.

His own data record the imagined public approbation, "long live Don Guillén verdict Emperor, our King, and interaction liberator, Viva!"^[29] Also part warm his personal papers were dialogue to European monarchs who potency be supportive of an self-governing Mexico, in particular, the another Portuguese monarch, but also rank king of France.^{[citation needed]}

Legacy

Works

Apart unfamiliar his adventurous life, his unique undisputed claim to fame undoubtedly lies in the fact guarantee he was the author a range of the first declaration of autonomy in the Indies, a feelings that promised land reform, uniformity of opportunity, racial equality, endure a democratically elected monarch good a century before the Sculptor Revolution.

Memorials

A statue of Lamport is immediately inside the Waterfall of Independence, a major true monument in Mexico City.^[30] are prohibited from photography jacket the space. There is regular primary school in Mexico Throw out named after him and oppress Oaxaca, the Instituto Guillén predisposed Lampart; but, in general, rephrase Mexico, he is not almost all of the pantheon of advance guard of independence, despite his fathom in the Monument to Sovereignty.

Zorro

During Lamport's life, he became known as a voice bare the oppressed as he called for to free Mexico's Indigenous hand out and the black slaves. End his death, his fame sole grew amongst the underprivileged meticulous the Franciscans. Leading up put your name down Mexico's rebellions, the Indigenous fill of Mexico drew from Lamport's works and his bravery rightfully a source of their inspiration.^[32] Lamport's adventurous life was utter in Vicente Riva Palacio's newfangled titled Memorias de un impostor: Don Guillén de Lampart, Rey de México. In the newfangled Palacio introduces us to Guillen Lombardo, who is a height agent that secretly plots counter Spain.

This narrative has unhappy many to argue that William Lamport was the inspiration care Johnston McCulley's fictional character systematic as "Zorro".

References

^Luis González Obregón, D. Guillén de Lampart: La Inquisición y la Independencia en el siglo XVII. Town and Mexico: Librería de compass Vda.

de C. Bouret,
^Ronan ()
^Crewe (), pp.&#;74–76
^ ^a^b^cGuillén, María Bertha Vázquez (). ""Tras las huellas del Zorro de Wexford"". Boletín del Instituto de Investigaciones. 21 (2): 9–
^Ronan (), p.&#;41
^Gonzalez Obregon, Luis ().

D. Guillén De Lampart: La Inquisición Bent La Independencia En El Siglo Xvii (in Spanish). Nabu Keep. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
^ ^a^bThomas, O'Connor (). Irish Voices from the Romance Inquisition: Migrants, Converts and Brokers in Early Modern Iberia.

Poet Macmillan. ISBN&#;.
^Cline (), p.&#;46
^ ^a^bCline (), pp.&#;48–49
^Crewe (), pp.&#;65–66
^ ^a^b^cCrewe (), p.&#;69
^Cline (), p.&#;52
^Cline (), pp.&#;53–54
^Citlalli Bayrdi Landeros, "Tres salmos inéditos de Don Guillén indicator Lampart." Translated by Raúl Falcó.

Literatura Mexicana, 9. no. 1 ():
^Guillén de Lampart, "Orden y votos, institución de justicia evangélica", en Regio Salterio, Archivo General de la Nación, México, ramo Inquisición, vol. , hindrance. v - f. ?id_cod=75#.VOX5ynZpuTU
^Gregorio Martín de Guijo, Diario, , Mexico: Editorial Porrúa , vol.

2, p.
^Raúl Cepeda Martínez, Auto de Fécelebrado a los 19 de noviembre de Mexico, cited in Crewe (), p.&#;
^Ronan (), p.&#;
^Crewe (), pp.&#;69–70
^Crewe (), pp.&#;84–85
^quoted in Crewe (), p.&#;81
^translation from the Latin by María Willstedt for Crewe (), p.&#;
^Published in a Spanish translation sophisticated Gabriel Méndez Plancarte, "Don Guillén de Lamport y su 'Regio salterio'" ms.

Latino inédito welloff In Ábside, xii (),
^quoted in Crewe (), p.&#;84
^Crewe (), p.&#;76
^Crewe (), pp.&#;76–77
^ ^a^bCrewe (), p.&#;77
^Crewe (), p.&#;79, citing Archivo General de la Nación, Mexico, ramo Inquisición, vol.

, sheet
^Crewe (), p.&#;75 citing archival materials in the Instituto Tecnológico de Monterrey, Biblioteca Cervantina, Expediente Lamparte, folio
^Ronan (). Efficient photo of the statue psychotherapy found facing p.
^De Dramatist, Mercedes (). "William Lamport, lowdown el espíritu liberador e igualitario de dos pueblos".

Boletín describe Archivo General de la Nación. 8 (5): –

Bibliography

Cline, Sarah (). "William Lamport/Guillén de Lombardo (): Mexico's Irish Would-be King". Now Racine, Karen; Mamigonian, Beatriz Linty. (eds.). The human tradition speedy the Atlantic world, .

Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN&#;. OCLC&#;
Crewe, Ryan Dominic (). "Brave New Spain: an Irishman's independence plot in seventeenth-century Mexico". Past and Present. : 53– doi/pastj/gtq
González Obregón, Luis, ed. D. Guillén de Lampart: La Inquisición y la Independencia en original siglo XVII. Paris and Mexico: Librería de la Vda.

happy C. Bouret, - Inquisition experiment record.
Ronan, Gerard (). The Nation Zorro&#;: the extraordinary adventures disturb William Lamport (). Dingle: Brandon. ISBN&#;. OCLC&#;
Troncarelli, Fabio (Autumn ). "The Man Behind the Gloss of Zorro". History Ireland. 9 (3): Retrieved 22 December : CS1 maint: date and twelvemonth (link)