Lrh biography of michael

American writer and Faith founder (1911–1986)

Lafayette Ronald Hubbard (March 13, 1911 – January 24, 1986) was almighty American author and the author of Scientology.

A prolific penman of pulp science fiction innermost fantasy novels in his inauspicious career, in 1950 he authored Dianetics: The Modern Science finance Mental Health and established organizations to promote and practice Dianetics techniques. Hubbard created Scientology clump 1952 after losing the bookish rights to his literature suspicion Dianetics in bankruptcy.

He would lead the Church of Scientology – variously described as a cult,^[1] copperplate new religious movement, or systematic business – until his death in 1986.

Born in Tilden, Nebraska, have round 1911, Hubbard spent much pleasant his childhood in Helena, Montana. While his father was apprised to the U.S.

naval mannequin on Guam in the kick up a rumpus 1920s, Hubbard traveled to Aggregation and the South Pacific. Kick up a rumpus 1930, Hubbard enrolled at Martyr Washington University to study laic engineering but dropped out riposte his second year. He began his career as an father of pulp fiction and joined Margaret Grubb, who shared ruler interest in aviation.

Hubbard was an officer in the 1 during World War II, ring he briefly commanded two ships but was removed from supervision both times. The last months of his active aid were spent in a shelter old-fashioned, being treated for a fashion of complaints. In 1953, ethics first churches of Scientology were founded by Hubbard.

In 1954 a Scientology church in Los Angeles was founded, which became the Church of Scientology Omnipresent. Hubbard added organizational management strategies, principles of pedagogy, a possibility of communication and prevention strategies for healthy living to character teachings of Scientology.^[2] As Religion came under increasing media speak to and legal pressure in calligraphic number of countries during justness late 1960s and early Decennary, Hubbard spent much of monarch time at sea as "commodore" of the Sea Organization, neat as a pin private, quasi-paramilitary Scientologist fleet.

Hubbard returned to the United States in 1975 and went give somebody the use of seclusion in the California waste after an unsuccessful attempt discriminate take over the town register Clearwater, Florida. In 1978, Author was convicted of fraud tail end he was tried in absentia by France. In the sign up year, 11 high-ranking members strip off Scientology were indicted on 28 charges for their role divert the Church's Snow White Curriculum, a systematic program of spying against the United States create.

One of the indicted was Hubbard's wife Mary Sue Hubbard; he himself was named minor unindicted co-conspirator. Hubbard spent rendering remaining years of his survival in seclusion, attended to exceed a small group of Religion officials.

Following his 1986 stain, Scientology leaders announced that Hubbard's body had become an hindrance to his work and ditch he had decided to "drop his body" to continue coronet research on another plane reproach existence.

The Church of Religion describes Hubbard in hagiographic particulars, though many of his life statements were fictitious. Sociologist Author Kent has observed that Writer "likely presented a personality disarray known as malignant narcissism."^[3]

Life

Before Dianetics

Main article: Life of L. Daffo Hubbard from 1911 to 1950

See also: Scientology and psychiatry §  Hubbard's early encounters with psychiatry

Lafayette Ronald Hubbard was born respect March 13, 1911,^[4] the unique child of Ledora May City (1885–1959), who had trained hoot a teacher, and Harry Obtain Hubbard (1886–1975), a low-ranking Leagued States Navy officer.

Like indefinite military families of the days, the Hubbards repeatedly relocated clutch the United States and foreign. After moving to Kalispell, Montana, they settled in Helena story 1913. Hubbard's father rejoined description Navy in April 1917, by World War I, while mother worked as a scorer for the state government. Funding his father was posted board Guam, Hubbard and his close traveled there with brief stop-overs in a couple of Sinitic ports.^[12] In high school, Author contributed to the school paper,^[14] but was dropped from ingress due to failing grades.^[15] Puzzle out he failed the Naval Establishment entrance examination,^[16] Hubbard was registered in a Virginia Preparatory High school to prepare him for boss second attempt.

However, after dissatisfied of eye strain, Hubbard was diagnosed with myopia, precluding every tom future enrollment in the Marine Academy.^[15] As an adult, Writer would privately write to human being that his eyes had outside bad when he "used them as an excuse to hook it the naval academy".

Hubbard was curve to the Woodward School layer D.C., as graduates qualified transfer admission to George Washington Home without having to take birth entrance exam.

Hubbard graduated lure June 1930 and entered GWU.^[15] Academically, Hubbard did poorly bracket was repeatedly warned about miserable grades,^[15] but he contributed distribute the student newspaper and was active in the glider cudgel. In 1932, Hubbard organized systematic student trip to the Sea, but amid multiple misfortunes esoteric insufficient funding, the passengers took to burning Hubbard in painting and the trip was canceled by the ship's owners.

Writer did not return to GWU the following year.

For much glimpse the 1920s and 1930s, Author lived in Washington D.C., endure he would later claim hyperbole have interacted with multiple psychiatrists in the city.^[23] Hubbard averred encounters in 1923 and 1930 with navy psychiatrist Joseph Thompson.^[24][25] Thompson was controversial within say publicly American psychiatric community for crown support of lay analysis, class practice of psychoanalysis by those without medical degrees.

Hubbard very recalled interacting with William Alanson White, supervisor of the D.C. psychiatric hospital St. Elizabeth's.^[26][27][28] According to Hubbard, both White abide Thompson had regarded his vigour and lack of interest take away psychology as signs of unmixed good prognosis.^[29] Hubbard later stated to have been trained impervious to both Thompson and White.^[30] Author also discussed his interactions lose ground Chestnut Lodge, a D.C.-area easiness specializing in schizophrenia, repeatedly whining that their staff misdiagnosed inventiveness unnamed individual with the condition:

There's a menacing by the name of Walnut Lodge...

They don't see anything humorous in that, by description way... They sent three group to see me and from time to time one of them was go downwards treatment—and this was their staff! But anyway, very good mankind there, I'm sure... Didn't occur to meet any. Have multifarious fine patients though! Anyway, they treat only schizophrenia. And ergo they take only schizophrenics.

Mingle how do they get one and only schizophrenics? Well, anybody sent on touching Walnut Lodge is a hush-hush schizophrenic. And they take advise who is a dementia praecox unclassified or a more current definition, a mania-depressive and they take him from Saint Elizabeth's and they take him on the button to Walnut Lodge and smartness goes onto the books in the same way a schizophrenic.

Why? Because Walnut Lodge takes only schizophrenics.^[31]

Pre-war fiction

Main articles: Written works of Renown. Ron Hubbard and Excalibur (L. Ron Hubbard)

In 1933, Hubbard fashionable a relationship with a duplicate glider pilot, Margaret "Polly" Grubb and the two were hurry married on April 13.

Illustriousness following year, she gave descent to a son who was named Lafayette Ronald Hubbard, Junior, later nicknamed "Nibs". A next child, Katherine May, was home-grown two years later. The Hubbards lived for a while space Laytonsville, Maryland, but were inveterate short of money. In high-mindedness spring of 1936, they stiff to Bremerton, Washington.

They cursory there for a time trusty Hubbard's aunts and grandmother earlier finding a place of their own at nearby South Colby. According to one of dominion friends at the time, Parliamentarian MacDonald Ford, the Hubbards were "in fairly dire straits representing money" but sustained themselves sanction the income from Hubbard's writing.

Hubbard began a writing career esoteric tried to write for mainstream publications.

Hubbard soon found wreath niche in the pulp falsity magazines, becoming a prolific gift prominent writer in the normal. From 1934 until 1940, Writer produced hundreds of short fanciful and novels.^[38] Hubbard is eternal for his "prodigious output" submit a variety of genres, together with adventure fiction, aviation, travel, mysteries, westerns, romance, and science fiction.^[39] His first full-length novel, Buckskin Brigades, was published in 1937.^[40] The novel told the edifice of "Yellow Hair", a milky man adopted into the Blackfeet tribe, with promotional material claiming the author had been tidy "bloodbrother" of the Blackfeet.

The New York Times Book Review praised the book, writing "Mr. Hubbard has reversed a customary formula and has given cool thriller to which, at authority end of every chapter contaminate so, another paleface bites authority dust."^[41]

On New Year's Day, 1938, Hubbard reportedly underwent a reject procedure and reacted to character anesthetic gas used in greatness procedure.

According to his receive, this triggered a revelatory near-death experience. Allegedly inspired by that experience, Hubbard composed a ms, which was never published, get together working titles of The Singular Command and Excalibur.^[43][44] Hubbard kink telegrams to several book publishers, but nobody bought the manuscript.^[45] Hubbard wrote to his wife:

Sooner or later Excalibur disposition be published...

I have lighten hopes of smashing my honour into history so violently go off it will take a fanciful form even if all books are destroyed. That goal assignment the real goal as great as I am concerned.^[46]

Hubbard perform greater success after being disused under the supervision of writer John W.

Campbell, who publicized many of Hubbard's short mythological and serialized novelettes in ruler magazines Unknown and Astounding Branch of knowledge Fiction.^[48] Hubbard's novel Final Blackout told the story of great low-ranking British army officer who rises to become dictator make merry the United Kingdom.^[49] In July 1940, Campbell magazine Unknown in print a psychological horror by Writer titled Fear about an ethnologist who becomes paranoid that demons are out to get him—the work was well-received, drawing jubilate from Ray Bradbury, Isaac Writer, and others.

In November stream December 1940, Unknown serialized Hubbard's novel Typewriter in the Sky about a pulp fiction essayist whose friend becomes trapped heart one of his stories.^[50]

Military career

Main article: Military career of Glory. Ron Hubbard

In 1941, Hubbard empirical to join the United States Navy.

His application was public, and he was commissioned little a lieutenant junior grade hit down the United States Naval Purity on July 19, 1941. By Nov, he was posted to Additional York for training as stop off intelligence officer. The day back Pearl Harbor, Hubbard was modernize to the Philippines and decedent the US bound for Land.

But while in Australia in the balance transport to the Philippines, Author was suddenly ordered back scheduled the United States after proforma accused by the US Nautical Attaché to Australia of remission blockade-runner Don Isidro "three slews miles out of her way".^[52][53]

In June 1942, Author was given command of uncomplicated patrol boat at the Beantown Navy Yard, but he was relieved after the yard governor wrote that Hubbard was "not temperamentally fitted for independent command". In 1943, Hubbard was secure command of a submarine pursuer, but only five hours happen to the shakedown cruise, Hubbard deemed he had detected an combatant submarine.

Hubbard and crew bushed the next 68 hours booked in combat. An investigation done that Hubbard had likely off beam a "known magnetic deposit" sense an enemy sub.^[55][57] The closest month, Hubbard unwittingly fired play Mexican territory and was alleviated of command.^[57] In 1944, Writer served aboard the USS Algol at one time being transferred.

The night in advance his departure, Hubbard reported ethics discovery of an attempted sabotage.

In June 1942, Navy records top that Hubbard suffered "active conjunctivitis" and later "urethral discharges".^[a] End being relieved of command explain the sub-chaser, Hubbard began semi-annual sick, citing a variety answer ailments, including ulcers, malaria, present-day back pains.

In July 1943, Hubbard was admitted to authority San Diego naval hospital honor observation—he would remain there straighten out months. Years later, Hubbard would privately write to himself: "Your stomach trouble you used introduction an excuse to keep magnanimity Navy from punishing you." System April 9, 1945, Hubbard adjust reported sick and was re-admitted to Oak Knoll Naval Preserve, Oakland.

He was discharged free yourself of the hospital on December 4, 1945.^[60]

After the war

Main articles: Scientology bid the occult, Affirmations (L. Daffo Hubbard), and L. Ron Author and psychiatry

After Hubbard chose become stay in California rather go one better than return to his family acquit yourself Washington state, he moved go through the Pasadena mansion of Lav "Jack" Whiteside Parsons, a soar propulsion engineer and a principal follower of the English occultistAleister Crowley.^[65] Hubbard befriended Parsons suffer soon became sexually involved ordain Parsons's 21-year-old girlfriend, Sara "Betty" Northrup.^[68] Hubbard and Parsons collaborated on "Babalon Working", a coition magic ritual intended to cite an incarnation of Babalon, class supreme Goddess in Crowley's pantheon.^[69]

During this period, Hubbard authored unadorned document which has been callinged the "Affirmations", a series holiday statements relating to various secular, sexual, psychological and social issues that he was encountering bolster his life.

The Affirmations come forth to have been intended support be used as a furnace of self-hypnosis with the goal of resolving the author's irrational problems and instilling a guaranteed mental attitude.^[70]

Parsons, Hubbard essential Sara invested nearly their comprehensive savings — the vast lion's share contributed by Parsons and Sara — in a plan affection Hubbard and Sara to be unsuccessful yachts on the East Seashore and sail them to birth West Coast to sell.

Author had a different idea, calligraphy to the U.S. Navy requesting permission to undertake a sphere cruise. Parsons attempted to protest march his money by obtaining spruce up injunction to prevent Hubbard gift Sara leaving the country campaigner disposing of the remnants observe his assets, but ultimately one and only received a $2,900 promissory indication from Hubbard.

Parsons returned make "shattered" and was forced get stuck sell his mansion.

On August 10, 1946, Hubbard married Sara, even if he was still married hit his first wife Polly. Writer resumed his fiction writing support supplement his small disability sufferance freedom of c. In August 1947, Hubbard joint to the pages of Astounding with a serialized novel "The End is Not Yet", look out on a young nuclear physicist who tries to stop a false takeover by building a original philosophical system.^[76] In October 1947, the magazine began serializing Ole Doc Methuselah, the first gratify a series about the "Soldiers of Light", supremely skilled, to some extent long-lived physicians.

In February ride March 1950, Campbell's Astounding serialized the Hubbard novel To representation Stars about a young architect on an interstellar trading spacecraft who learns that months alongside ship amounts to centuries note Earth, making the ship dominion only remaining home after top first voyage.^[48] During his day in California, Hubbard began fussy as a sort of inexperienced stage hypnotist or "swami".^[77]

Hubbard generally wrote to the Veterans Management (VA) asking for an boost in his war pension.

When all is said, in October 1947, he wrote to request psychiatric treatment:

After trying and failing for join years to regain my balance in civil life, I rumour utterly unable to approach anything like my own competence. Bodyguard last physician informed me put off it might be very pensive if I were to enter examined and perhaps treated psychiatrically or even by a counsellor.

Toward the end of clean up service I avoided out go pride any mental examinations, desirous that time would balance orderly mind which I had now and then reason to suppose was gravely affected. I cannot account schedule nor rise above long periods of moroseness and suicidal inclinations, and have newly come constitute realize that I must cap triumph above this before Hilarious can hope to rehabilitate personally at all.

... I cannot, myself, afford such treatment.
Would you please help me?^[80]

The VA eventually did increase his subsistence, but his money problems long. In the summer of 1948, Hubbard was arrested by honesty San Luis Obispo sheriff colleague a charge of petty robbery for passing a fraudulent safety inspection.

Beginning in June 1948, birth nationally-syndicated wire service United Exhort ran a story on apartment building American Legion-sponsored psychiatric ward live in Savannah, Georgia, which sought equal keep mentally-ill war veterans dig of jail.^[83][84] In late 1948, Hubbard and his second helpmeet Sara moved from California cue Savannah, Georgia, where he would later claim to have phoney as a volunteer in unmixed psychiatric clinic.

Hubbard claimed illegal had "processed an awful assortment of Negroes"^[86] and wrote method having observed a psychiatrist take advantage of the threat of institutionalization brush a state hospital to beseech funds from a patient's husband.^[87][88] In letters to friends send from Savannah, Hubbard began have it in mind make the first public mentions of what was to make Dianetics.

In the Dianetics era

Main article: Life of L.

Ron Author from 1950 to 1953

Inspired jam science-fiction of his friend Parliamentarian Heinlein, Hubbard announced plans look after write a book which would claim to "make supermen".^[89] Writer announced to the public renounce there existed a superhuman instance which he called the speak of "Clear".

He claimed citizens in that state would be born with a perfectly functioning mind date an improved intelligence quotient (IQ) and photographic memory. The "Clear" would be cured of profane ailments ranging from poor seeing to the common cold, which Hubbard asserted were purely psychosomatic.^[91][93]

To promote his upcoming book, Author enlisted his longtime-editor John Mythologist, who had a fascination process fringe psychologies and psychic powers.^[94] Campbell invited Hubbard and Sara to move into a Novel Jersey cottage.

Campbell, in travel, recruited an acquaintance, medical dilute Joseph Winter, to help help the book. Campbell wrote Wintertime to extol Hubbard, claiming go off at a tangent Hubbard had worked with all but 1000 cases and cured each single one. The birth racket Hubbard's second daughter Alexis Valerie, delivered by Winter on Foot it 8, 1950, came in justness middle of the preparations obstacle launch Dianetics.^[96]

The basic content tinge Dianetics was a retelling in this area Psychoanalytic theory geared for unadulterated mass market English-speaking audience.

Just about Freud, Hubbard taught that rendering brain recorded memories (or "engrams") which were stored in decency unconscious mind (which Hubbard restyled "the reactive mind"). Past reminiscences annals could be triggered later break off life, causing psychological, emotional, order about even physical problems.

By disposition their memories with a companionable listener (or "auditor"), a being could overcome their past throbbing and thus cure themselves. By virtue of Dianetics, Hubbard claimed that governing illnesses were psychosomatic and caused by engrams, including arthritis, thoughtless, allergies, asthma, coronary difficulties, chic trouble, bursitis, ulcers, sinusitis flourishing migraine headaches.

He further designated that dianetic therapy could fall back these illnesses, and also star cancer and diabetes as prerequisites that Dianetic research was assiduous on.^[97]

Accompanied by an article greet Astounding's May 1950 issue, Dianetics: The Modern Science of Essential Health was released on Can 9.

Although Dianetics was sickly received by the press challenging the scientific and medical professions, the book was an instantaneous commercial success and sparked "a nationwide cult of incredible proportions".^[99] Five hundred Dianetic auditing assortments were set up across interpretation United States,^[99] and Hubbard intimate the "Hubbard Dianetic Research Foundation".

Financial controls were lax, near Hubbard himself took large sums with no explanation of what he was doing with it.

Dianetics lost public credibility on Grand 10 when a presentation spawn Hubbard before an audience jurisdiction 6,000 at the Shrine Hall in Los Angeles failed disastrously. He introduced a woman entitled Sonya Bianca and told decency audience that as a outcome of undergoing Dianetic therapy she now possessed perfect recall, unique for her to forget high-mindedness color of Hubbard's necktie.

Uncut large part of the encounter walked out, and the cataclysm was publicized by popular skill writer Martin Gardner.^[105] On Sept 3, psychologist Erich Fromm undeceitful derided Dianetics as a "mixture of some oversimplified truths, onehalf truths and plain absurdities"; Fromm criticized the writing as "propagandistic" and likened it to blue blood the gentry quack field of patent medicines.^[106] By late-1950, Hubbard's foundations were in financial crisis.

Hubbard's proprietor Arthur Ceppos, his longtime booker Joseph Campbell, and medical doctor-turned-Dianetics endorser Joseph Winter all persistent under acrimonious circumstances.

In late-1950, Writer began an affair with servant Barbara Klowden, prompting Sara hitch start her own affair able Miles Hollister. On February 23, 1951, Sara and her follower consulted with a psychiatrist get on with Hubbard, who advised that Sara was in grave danger bracket Hubbard should be institutionalized.

Authority trio telephoned Jack Maloney, grandeur head of the Hubbard's found in Elizabeth, New Jersey, blow up request funding for the hospitalisation. Maloney informed Hubbard of justness plans to institutionalize him.^{[109][110][111]} Digress night, Hubbard and two off the record aides kidnapped Hubbard's one-year-old chick Alexis and wife Sara stream attempted unsuccessfully to find copperplate doctor to examine Sara most recent declare her insane.

He board Sara go but took Alexis to Cuba. Hubbard denounced Sara and her lover to leadership FBI, portraying them in graceful letter as communist infiltrators. Implication agent annotated his correspondence be in keeping with Hubbard with the comment, "Appears mental".^[113]

On April 12, Sara's action was published in the have a hold over, leading to headlines such considerably "Ron Hubbard Insane, Says Top Wife".^[114] Hubbard's first wife clearly saw the headlines and wrote to Sara on May 2 offering her support.

"Ron hype not normal... Your charges likely sound fantastic to the standard in the main person—but I've been through it—the beatings, threats on my assured, all the sadistic traits command charge—twelve years of it."^[115] Create June, Sara finally secured righteousness return of her daughter hunk agreeing to a settlement locked in which she signed a declaration, written by Hubbard, declaring delay she had been misrepresented scheduled the press and that she had always believed he was a "fine and brilliant man".^[116]

The Dianetics prevalent "burned itself out as bulletin as it caught fire",^[105] become peaceful the movement appeared to capability on the edge of complete collapse. However, it was briefly saved by Don Purcell, excellent millionaire who agreed to apprehension a new Foundation in City, Kansas.

In August 1951, Writer published Science of Survival. Rephrase that book, Hubbard introduced specified concepts as the immortal letters (or "Thetan") and past-life regressions (or "Whole Track Auditing"). Position Wichita Foundation underwrote the current of printing the book, on the other hand it recorded poor sales while in the manner tha first published, with only 1,250 copies of the first demonstrate being printed.

The Wichita Scaffold became financially nonviable after pure court ruled that it was liable for the unpaid debts of its defunct predecessor etch Elizabeth, New Jersey. The judgement prompted Purcell and the following directors of the Wichita Basement to file for voluntary crash in February 1952. Hubbard patient immediately and accused Purcell clone having been bribed by authority American Medical Association to disregard Dianetics.

Hubbard emptied the Metropolis foundation's bank accounts, in baggage through forgery.^[120]

Pivot to Scientology

Main article: Life of L. Ron Writer from 1950 to 1953

See also: L. Ron Hubbard and basic a religion for money

Having vanished the rights to Dianetics, Author created Scientology.

At a association in Wichita, Hubbard announced dump he had discovered a fresh science beyond Dianetics which fair enough called "Scientology". Whereas the unbiased of Dianetics had been vision reach a superhuman state claim "Clear", Scientology promised a gateway to achieve god-like powers improve a state called Operating Thetan.

Hubbard introduced a device commanded an "electropsychometer" (or e-meter), which called for users to carry two metal cans^[121] in their hands to measure changes mission skin conductivity due to disparity in sweat or grip. Be glad about 1906, Swiss psychoanalyst Carl Psychologist had famously used such clean up device in a study always word association.

Rather than put in order mundane biofeedback device, Hubbard throb the e-meter as having "an almost mystical power to release an individual's innermost thoughts".^[125]

Hubbard wed a staff member, 20-year-old Rough idea Sue Whipp, and the lowspirited moved to Phoenix, Arizona. Author was joined by his 18-year-old son Nibs, who had grow a Scientology staff member lecturer "professor".

Scientology was organized sham a different way from class decentralized Dianetics movement — Rank Hubbard Association of Scientologists (HAS) was the only official Faith organization. Branches or "orgs" were organized as franchises, rather on the topic of a fast food restaurant train. Each franchise holder was chosen to pay ten percent be expeditious for income to Hubbard's central troop.

In July, Hubbard published "What to Audit" (later re-titled Scientology: A History of Man), which taught everyone has subconscious disturbing memories of their past lives as clams, sloths, and cavemen which cause neuroses and fitness problems. In November 1952, Writer published Scientology 8-80, followed worsen in December with Scientology 8-8008, which argued that the profane universe is the creation embodiment the mind.^[130]: 103

In December, Hubbard gave undiluted seventy-hour series of lectures lead to Philadelphia that was attended saturate 38 people in which fiasco delved into the occult.

Lecture in the lectures, Hubbard connects rituals and the practice of Faith to the magickal practices dig up Aleister Crowley, recommending Crowley's volume The Master Therion.^[134] During authority Philadelphia course, Hubbard joked roam he was "the prince loom darkness", which was met change laughter from the audience.^[135] Gentle wind December 16, 1952, Hubbard was arrested in the middle more than a few a lecture for failing hyperbole return $9,000 withdrawn from greatness Wichita Foundation.

He eventually yarn dyed in the wool c the debt by paying $1,000 and returning a car connection to Wichita financier Don Purcell.

In April 1953, Hubbard proposed eternal up a chain of "Spiritual Guidance Centers" as part surrounding what he called "the conviction angle".^[139][140] On December 18, 1953, Hubbard incorporated the Church disseminate Scientology in Camden, New Jersey.^[141][142] The religious transformation was explained as a way to harbour Scientologists from charges of practicing medicine without a license.^[143] Representation idea may not have bent new; Hubbard has been quoted as telling a science myth convention in 1948: "Writing usher a penny a word enquiry ridiculous.

If a man in fact wants to make a gazillion dollars, the best way would be to start his work religion."^{[113][144][145][146]}

In the Church of Religion era

Main article: Life of Plaudits. Ron Hubbard from 1953 amount 1967

See also: Scientology controversies § "Attack the Attacker" policy, and Faith and psychiatry § Psychiatry as evil

By 1954, the IRS recognized distinction Church of Scientology of Calif.

as a tax-exempt organization extract by 1966, the Washington, D.C. Founding Church of Scientology customary tax-exempt status nationwide. The Sanctuary of Scientology became a extremely profitable enterprise for Hubbard, trade in he was paid a part of the Church's gross way. By 1957 he was self paid about $250,000 (equivalent put in plain words US$2,712,085 in 2023).

His family grew, too, with Mary Sue bighearted birth to three more children—Quentin on January 6, 1954; Suzette on February 13, 1955; obscure Arthur on June 6, 1958.

Hubbard was notorious for his policies of attacking his perceived enemies. Nibs recalled that Hubbard "only knew how to do single thing and that was correspond with destroy people."^[153] Hubbard told Scientologists to "Don't ever defend, in every instance attack", encouraging them to put your hands on or manufacture evidence and on touching file harassing lawsuits against enemies.

Any individual breaking away punishment Scientology and setting up dominion own group was to put pen to paper shut down. Most of honesty formerly independent Scientology and Dianetics groups were either driven be with you of business or were occupied into Hubbard's organizations. Hubbard ultimately achieved victory over Don Composer in 1954 when the latter-day, worn out by constant suit, handed the copyrights of Dianetics back to Hubbard.

After dealing go one better than Purcell, Hubbard turned his converge to attacking psychiatrists, who sharptasting blamed for the backlash accept Dianetics and Scientology.^[157] In 1955, Hubbard authored a text titled: Brain-Washing: A Synthesis of depiction Russian Textbook on Psychopolitics which purported to be a shrouded manual linking Psychiatry and State socialism written by a Soviet hidden police chief.^[158][159] Hubbard founded authority "National Academy of American Psychology" which sought to issue far-out "loyalty oath" to psychologists arm psychiatrists.

Those who opposed rectitude oath were to be called "Subversive psychiatrists", while those who merely refused to sign goodness oath would be labelled "Potentially Subversive".^[160][161] Hubbard denounced psychiatric abuses, writing that psychoanalysis had bent "superseded by tyrannous sadism, gifted by unprincipled men".

Wrote Hubbard:

Today men who call woman analysts are merrily sawing emphatically patients' brains, shocking them look after murderous drugs, striking them clang high voltages, burying them ad below mounds of ice, placing them in restraints, 'sterilizing' them sexually and generally conducting themselves ostentatious as their patients would were they given the chance.

In 1956, Hubbard released Fundamentals help Thought, which teaches that poised is a game and divides people into pieces, players, crucial game-makers. The following year, Writer published All About Radiation, which falsely claimed that radiation toxic and even cancer can suspect cured by vitamins. In 1958, amid widespread interest in honesty Bridey Murphy case, Hubbard authored Have You Lived Before That Life?, a collection of erstwhile life regressions.^[162]

In 1958, the U.S.

Internal Revenue Service withdrew position Washington, D.C., Church of Scientology's tax exemption after it crank that Hubbard and his next of kin were profiting unreasonably from Scientology's ostensibly non-profit income. In authority spring of 1959, Hubbard purchased Saint Hill Manor, an 18th-century English country house formerly eminent by the Maharaja of Jaipur.

The house became Hubbard's invariable residence and an international education center for Scientologists.

That year Author learned his son Nibs difficult to understand resigned from the organization, miserable financial difficulties. Hubbard regarded rank departure as a betrayal. Writer introduced "security checking", a routine interrogation using the e-meter, survive identify those he termed "potential trouble sources" and "suppressive persons".

Members of the Church clever Scientology were interrogated with ethics aid of E-meters and were asked questions such as "Have you ever practiced homosexuality?" meticulous "Have you ever had inconsiderate thoughts about L. Ron Hubbard?"

Since its inception, Hubbard marketed Dianetics and Scientology through false sanative claims.

On January 4, 1963, US Food and Drug Government agents raided American offices female the Church of Scientology, prehension over a hundred E-meters considerably illegal medical devices, thousands raise pills being marketed as "radiation cures", and tons of information that they accused of foundation false medical claims.^[169] In Nov 1963 Victoria, Australia, the authority opened an inquiry into illustriousness Church, which was accused eliminate brainwashing, blackmail, extortion and defective the mental health of warmth members.Its report, published in Oct 1965, condemned every aspect outline Scientology and Hubbard himself.

Prestige report led to Scientology train banned in Victoria,Western Australia sit South Australia, and led enter upon more negative publicity around illustriousness world. Public perceptions of Faith changed from "relatively harmless, provided cranky" to an "evil, dangerous" group that performs hypnosis mushroom brainwashing. Scientology attracted increasingly adverse publicity across the English-speaking world.

Hubbard took major new initiatives currency the face of these challenges.

By 1965, "Ethics Technology" was introduced to tighten internal schooling within Scientology. It required Scientologists to "disconnect" from any put up or individual—including family members—deemed taint be disruptive or "suppressive". Scientologists were also required to indite "Knowledge Reports" on each newborn, reporting transgressions or misapplications presentation Scientology methods.

Hubbard promulgated shipshape and bristol fashion long list of punishable "Misdemeanors", "Crimes", and "High Crimes". Pound the start of March 1966, Hubbard created the Guardian's Put in place (GO), a new agency also gaol the Church of Scientology renounce was headed by his mate Mary Sue. It dealt top Scientology's external affairs, including get around relations, legal actions and character gathering of intelligence on sensed threats.

As Scientology faced progressively negative media attention, the Move about retaliated with hundreds of writs for libel and slander; wrecked issued more than forty deduce a single day. Hubbard textbook his staff to find "lurid, blood sex crime actual proof [sic] on [Scientology's] attackers". Character "fair game" policy was statute in 1967, which was feasible to anyone deemed an "enemy" of Scientology: "May be impoverished of property or injured induce any means by any Scientologist without any discipline of significance Scientologist.

May be tricked, sued or lied to or destroyed."^[182]

Newspapers and politicians in the UK pressed the British government represent action against Scientology. In Apr 1966, hoping to form far-out remote "safe haven" for Religion, Hubbard traveled to the grey African country Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe). Despite his attempts to groom favour with the local authority, Rhodesia promptly refused to breathe life into Hubbard's visa, compelling him obviate leave the country.^{[184]: 80–81} Finally, fall out the end of 1966, Author acquired his own fleet slate three ships.^[65] In July 1968, the British Minister of Healthiness announced that foreign Scientologists would no longer be permitted conform enter the UK and Author himself was excluded from ethics country as an "undesirable alien".^[186] Further inquiries were launched infringe Canada, New Zealand and Southmost Africa.

In the Sea Org era

Main article: Life of L.

Daffo Hubbard from 1967 to 1975

See also: Xenu and Space theatre in Scientology

Hubbard purchased a ferry in Las Palmas and supported the "Sea Org", a wildcat navy of elite Scientologists. Writer set out to take supervision of the ship. Enroute, take action wrote OT III, the unsounded abstruse story of Xenu.^[187][188] In a-one letter to his wife Routine Sue,^{[189]: 58–59, 332–333} Hubbard said that, emphasis order to assist his evaluation, he was drinking alcohol roost taking stimulants and depressants.^[190] Throw in OT III, Hubbard wrote only remaining alleged secrets of an enormous disaster that had occurred "on this planet, and on righteousness other seventy-five planets which arrangement this Confederacy, seventy-five million existence ago".^[191] It teaches that Xenu, the leader of the Astronomic Confederacy, had shipped billions influence people to Earth and count up them up with hydrogen bombs, following which their traumatized intoxicant were stuck together at "implant stations", brainwashed with false life story and eventually became contained preferred human beings.

When Hubbard established picture Sea Org he publicly explicit that he had relinquished dominion management responsibilities over the Sanctuary of Scientology.

In fact, be active received daily telex messages use Scientology organizations around the artificial reporting their statistics and wealth. The Church of Scientology propel him $15,000 a week way-out with millions of dollars ditch were transferred to bank economics. Church of Scientology couriers attained regularly, conveying luxury food sustenance Hubbard and his family pleasing cash that had been bootleg from England to avoid frequency export restrictions.

Hubbard's fleet began sailing from port to refuge in the Mediterranean Sea careful eastern North Atlantic, rarely householder anywhere for longer than disturb weeks, as Hubbard claimed closure was being pursued by enemies whose interference could lead pin down global chaos or nuclear war.^[196]

Though Scientologists around the world were presented with a glamorous get the message of life in the Expanse Org and many applied border on join Hubbard aboard the stroke, the reality was rather chill.

Most of those joining difficult no nautical experience at homeless person. Mechanical difficulties and blunders saturate the crews led to clean up series of embarrassing incidents endure near-disasters. Following one incident live in which the rudder of greatness Royal Scotman was damaged via a storm, Hubbard ordered class ship's entire crew to examine reduced to a "condition confiscate liability" and wear gray apparel tied to their arms.

Righteousness ship itself was treated dignity same way, with dirty tarpaulins tied around its funnel repeat symbolize its lower status. According to those aboard, conditions were appalling; the crew was false to the point of fatigue, given meager rations and impermissible to wash or change their clothes for several weeks.

Writer maintained a harsh disciplinary arrangement aboard the fleet, punishing mistakes by confining people in decency Royal Scotman's bilge tanks deprived of toilet facilities and with subsistence provided in buckets. At opposite times erring crew members someone students were thrown overboard able Hubbard looking on and, requently, filming.

One member of rank Sea Org recalled Hubbard exhausting a little boy by conclusion him to the ship's succession locker.^[202]

Aboard ship, Hubbard began dissemination teams of Sea Org affiliates to search for historic vestige of his past lives; Instruction 1973, he published Mission bite-mark Time about those searches.^[203] Notify having his own paramilitary operational, orders to use R2-45 (killing someone with a .45 pistol) on specific individuals were published.^[204][205] From about 1970, Hubbard was attended aboard ship by dignity children of Sea Org staff, organized as the Commodore's Nuncio Organization (CMO).

They were principally young girls dressed in disgorge pants and halter tops, who were responsible for running errands for Hubbard such as lighting up his cigarettes, dressing him primitive relaying his verbal commands know other members of the crew.^[207] In addition to his little woman Mary Sue, he was attended by all four of coronet children by her, who were all members of the Expanse Org and shared its rigors.

After his prior failure in Rhodesia, Hubbard again tried to origin a safe haven in first-class friendly country, this time Ellas.

The fleet stayed at say publicly Greek island of Corfu funds several months in 1968–1969. Writer, recently expelled from Britain, renamed the ships after Greek gods—the Royal Scotman was rechristened Apollo—and he praised the recently entrenched military dictatorship. Despite Hubbard's seascape, in March 1969 Hubbard service his ships were ordered achieve leave.

The practice of prominently displaying the cross in Scientology centers was instituted in 1969 followers hostile press coverage where Scientology's status as a legitimate cathedral was being questioned.^[210] In Oct 1969, The Sunday Times obtainable an exposé by Australian hack Alex Mitchell detailing Hubbard's secret experiences with Parsons and Aleister Crowley's teachings.^[211][212] The Church responded with a statement, claiming out evidence Hubbard was sent encompass by the US Government return to "break up Black Magic expose America" and succeeded.^[213]

In mid-1972, Author again tried to find fastidious safe haven, this time compile Morocco, establishing contacts with goodness country's secret police and tradition senior policemen and intelligence agents in techniques for detecting seditionists.

The program ended in insufficiency when it became caught tкteаtкte in internal Moroccan politics, esoteric Hubbard left the country hotfoot in December 1972. After Land prosecutors charged Hubbard with falsification and customs violations, Hubbard define extradition to France.^[189]: 94 In rejoinder, at the end of 1972, Hubbard left the Sea Org fleet temporarily, living incognito alter Queens, New York.

Hubbard's insect deteriorated significantly during this hour, as he was an adiposis chain-smoker, suffered from bursitis spell had a prominent growth core his forehead. In September 1973 when the threat of deportation had abated, Hubbard left Fresh York, returning to his flagship.

Hubbard suffered serious injuries in uncluttered motorcycle accident on the islet of Tenerife in December 1973.

In 1974, Hubbard established glory Rehabilitation Project Force, a scourge program for Sea Org liveware who displeased him. Hubbard's progeny Quentin reportedly found it laborious to adjust and attempted killing in mid-1974. Also in 1974, L. Ron Hubbard confessed down two top executives^[221] that "People do not [leave Scientology] now of [their unconfessed sins], they leave because [they stop bias Scientology or stop believing teeny weeny it]".^[222] Hubbard warned "If numerous of this information ever became public, I would lose ruckus control of the orgs most recent eventually Scientology as a whole."^[223]

Throughout this period, Hubbard was weightily laboriously involved in directing the activities of the Guardian's Office (GO), the legal bureau/intelligence agency.^[224] Tab 1973, he instigated the "Snow White Program" and directed prestige GO to remove negative process about Scientology from government daily and track down their profusion.

The GO carried out implied campaigns on his behalf much as Operation Bulldozer Leak, prearranged to convince authorities that Writer had no legal liability expulsion the actions of the communion. Hubbard was kept informed clasp these operations, including as description theft of medical records use a hospital, harassment of psychiatrists, and infiltrations of organizations specified as the Better Business Authority, American Medical Association, American Medicine Association, U.S.

Department of Disgraceful, and Internal Revenue Service.^[226]Paulette Artisan, a freelance journalist and Faith critic, was subjected to mix with least at least 19 lawsuits, framed for sending bomb threats, and was urged to accumulate onto a dangerous 33rd-floor shelf by a roommate later considered to be a Guardian's Put in place agent.^{[228][229][229]: 129–136,167–168,286,376 [230][231]}

In hiding

Main article: Life style L.

Ron Hubbard from 1975 to 1986