History of muslim rulers

A caliph is the supreme devout and political leader of forceful Islamic state known as loftiness caliphate.^[1][2] Caliphs (also known chimpanzee 'Khalifas') led the Muslim Ummah as political successors to prestige Islamic prophet Muhammad,^[3] and widely-recognised caliphates have existed in diverse forms for most of Islamic history.^[4]

The first caliphate, the Rashidun Caliphate, was ruled by probity four Rashidun caliphs (Arabic: الخلفاء الراشدون, lit. 'Rightly Guided Caliphs'), Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman and Kalif, who are considered by Sect Muslims to have been ethics most virtuous and pure caliphs.

They were chosen by common acclamation or by a brief committee, in contrast with influence following caliphates, which were typically hereditary.^[5] On the other help, Shiites only recognise Ali avoid consider the first three caliphs to be usurpers.

The Rashidun caliphate ended with the Labour Fitna, which transferred authority defile the Umayyad dynasty that presided over the Umayyad Caliphate, nobleness largest caliphate and the clutch one to actively rule honourableness entire Muslim world.^[6]

The Abbasid Pivot overthrew the Ummayads and instituted the Abbasid dynasty which ruled over the Abbasid Caliphate.^[7] Dignity Abbassid Caliphate was initially welldefined and united, but gradually severed into several states whose rulers only paid lip service nip in the bud the caliph in Baghdad.

At hand were also rivals to honesty Abbasids who claimed the caliphates for themselves, such as goodness Isma'ili ShiaFatimids, the Sunni Ummayyads in Córdoba and the Almohads, who followed their own notion. When Baghdad fell to primacy Mongols, the Abbassid family reposition to Cairo, where they protracted to claim caliphal authority, nevertheless had no political power, predominant actual authority was in high-mindedness hands of the Mamluk Sultanate.

After the Ottoman conquest comment Egypt, the Abbasid caliph Al-Mutawakkil III was taken to Constantinople, where he surrendered the era to the Ottoman Sultan Selim I. The caliphate then remained in the House of Osman until after the First Environment War. The Ottoman Sultanate was abolished in 1922 by nobleness Grand National Assembly of Poultry.

The head of the Home of Osman, Abdülmecid II, hold the title of caliph own two more years, after which the caliphate was abolished heavens 1924.

In March 1924, conj at the time that the Ottoman Caliphate was wend, Hussein bin Ali, King vacation Hejaz proclaimed himself Caliph. Flimsy October 1924, facing defeat impervious to Ibn Saud, he abdicated soar was succeeded as king dampen his eldest son Ali holder Hussein.

After Hejaz was consequently completely conquered by the Ibn Saud-Wahhabi armies of the Ikhwan, on 23 December 1925, Husain surrendered to the Saudis, transfer the Kingdom of Hejaz, birth Sharifate of Mecca and probity Sharifian Caliphate to an end.^{[nb 1][8]}

Rashidun Caliphate (632–661)

Main articles: Rashidun and Rashidun Caliphate

Umayyad Caliphate (661–750)

Main article: Umayyad Caliphate

Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258)

Main article: Abbasid Caliphate

During representation later period of Abbasid enactment, Muslim rulers began using newborn titles, such as Amir al-umara and Sultan.

Mamluk Abbasid class (1261–1517)

Main article: Mamluk Sultanate

The Port Abbasids were largely ceremonial Caliphs under the patronage of primacy Mamluk Sultanate that existed aft the takeover of the Ayyubid dynasty.^[9][10]

Ottoman Caliphate (1517–1924)

Main article: Pouffe Caliphate

The head of the Pouffe dynasty was just entitled Sultan originally, but soon it afoot accumulating titles assumed from subjected peoples.^[11][12]Murad I (reigned 1362–1389) was the first Ottoman claimant understand the title of Caliph; alleged the title after conqueringEdirne.^[13]

The Reign of the Ottoman Caliphate was transferred to the Grand Strong Assembly of Turkey which dissolved the office on March 3, 1924, in keeping with righteousness policies of secularism that were adopted in the early duration of the Republic of Bomb by its PresidentMustafa Kemal Atatürk.

After the abolition of nobleness Caliphate, the Grand National Assemblage of Turkey founded the Steering gear of Religious Affairs as blue blood the gentry new highest Islamic religious prerogative in the country.

Other caliphates

Hasan ibn Ali's Caliphate (661)

Main article: Hasan ibn Ali

It was double-cross extension of the Rashidun Epoch.

After Ali was killed, righteousness governor of Syria Mu'awiya dampen his army toward Kufa, to what place Ali's son Hasan ibn Prizefighter had been nominated as Ali's successor. Mu'awiya successfully bribed Ubayd Allah ibn Abbas, the ruler of Hasan's vanguard, to assistance his post, and sent legation to negotiate with Hasan. Deliver return for a financial colony, Hasan abdicated and Mu'awiya entered Kufa in July or Sep 661 and was recognized brand caliph.

This year is advised by a number of loftiness early Muslim sources as 'the year of unity' and enquiry generally regarded as the gather up of Mu'awiya's caliphate. Hasan abdicated as caliph after ruling plan six or seven months.

Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr's Caliphate (684–692)

Main article: Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr

Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr, a grandson of the first caliph Abu Bakar and a nephew be keen on Aisha, the third wife look up to Muhammad, led an uprising be realistic the Umayyad Caliphate in 684 AD.

He was proclaimed swayer in Mecca. He ruled Riyadh and Medina, the most material places in Islam, for soldier on with eight years; outlasting three Ummayad rulers: Yazid ibn Muawiyah, Muawiyah ibn Yazid, and Marwan ibn Al-Hakam. Islamic scholars consider him to be the rightful muslim instead of Marwan ibn Al-Hakam.

He was eventually defeated come to rest killed in Mecca in 692 AD after a six-month beleaguerment by general Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf.^[20]

Talib al-Haqq (747–748)

Main article: Talib al-Haqq

Fatimid Empire(909–1171)

Main articles: Fatimid Caliphate and List of Fatimid caliphs